- •Глава 1topic 8: semantic redundancy of oral messages. Interpreter's note–taking
- •8.1. Semantic Redundancy as one of the Main Properties of Oral Discourse
- •8.2. Ways of Ensuring Semantic Redundancy of Oral Messages
- •8.3. Semantic Redundancy: Recommendations for Interpreters
- •8.4. Interpreter's Note–taking
- •Basic interpetation and linguistic terms used in topic 8
- •How the Zero was Discovered
- •Legacy of death, bad health lingers from Chornobyl blast
- •Глава 2topic 9: lexical aspects of interpretation
- •9.1. The Notion of the “Focus of Meaning”
- •9.2. Subject Field Terms: Ways of Interpreting Them
- •9.3. Clichés and Idioms as an Interpretation Problem
- •9.4. “Troublemaking” Lexical Units: Numerals, Proper Names, Specific Items of the National Lexicon, Abbreviations, Acronyms and “Misleading Words”
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 9
- •Blood-sucking leeches popular for treatments
- •Глава 3topic 10: "gaps" in perception of oral discourse and ways of "filling them in" in interpreting
- •10.1. The Notion of "Gaps" in Perceiving Original Texts
- •10.2. Phonological "Gaps"
- •10.3. Lexical "Gaps"
- •10.4. Grammatical "Gaps"
- •10.5. Ways of Filling in the "Gaps" in Interpreting
- •10.6. Ways of Fighting Phonological Complications Caused by Accents and Dialects
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 10
- •Глава 4Topic 11: problems of translating idioms
- •11.1. Knowing Idioms is the Way to Speak Like a Native
- •11.2. Grammatical Nature of Idioms
- •11.3. Etymology of Idioms
- •11.4. How to Learn Idioms and Practice Them
- •American English Idioms
- •Tricky translations
- •In the text below you will find various word combinations using the word “job”. Their translations into Ukrainian follow in brackets:
- •Looking for a job
- •Глава 5topic 12: levels and components of interpretation. Interpreter’s challenges. Conference interpreting
- •12.1. Communication during Two-way Interpretation
- •Interpreter
- •12.2. Two Levels of Interpretation
- •12.3. Triad of Interpretation Process
- •12.4. Specifics and Situations in Interpreting Process
- •12.5. Factor of Time
- •One monument to two events: Christianization, municipal rights
- •Глава 6topic 13: precision and basis information, their distinctions and importance for interpretation adequacy
- •13.1. Constituents of Precision and Basis Information
- •13.2. Rendering pi in the Process of Interpretation
- •13.3. Undesirable Situations of Two-way Interpretation. Interpretation Pitfalls and Traps – How to Avoid Them
- •The Brain’s Response to Nicotine
- •The Braine Response to Methamphetamine
- •Why I am a Pilot
- •Глава 7topic 14: characteristic peculiarities of professional interpretation
- •14.1. Intellectual Requirements
- •14.2. Requirements to Interpretation Adequacy
- •14.3. Memory and Interpretation
- •Organic farming takes root in countryside as people seek healthier food alternatives
- •Topic 15: analysis and synthesis during Глава 8interpretation process
- •15.1. Two Stages of Interpretation Process
- •15.2. Understanding and Extraction of Meaningful Units
- •15.3. Hearing and the Types of Noises
- •15.4. Guess and Intuition
- •15.5. To See a Speaker
- •15.6. Automatism of Synthesis
- •15.7. Complicated is Simpler
- •15.8. Interpretation Typology
- •15.9. Constituents of Training Interpretation
- •15.10. Constituents of Real Interpretation and Ways of Achieving Adequacy
- •15.11. Subtypes of Professional Interpretation
- •Give English/Ukrainian interpretation on sight of the following trext: The Price of Progress
- •Give two-way interpretation of the following texts:
- •Глава 9topic 16: ability to hear as the basic requirement to understanding
- •16.1. Hearing
Глава 6topic 13: precision and basis information, their distinctions and importance for interpretation adequacy
Woe to the makers of literal translations, who by rendering every word weaken the meaning! It is indeed by so doing that we can say the letter kills and the spirit gives life.
Voltaire
13.1. Constituents of Precision and Basis Information
There are two types of information every interpreter should distinguish: precision information (PI) and basis information (BI). In its turn PI is subdivided into: numerical PI which includes figures, dates, numerals, etc., and letter PI, which includes proper names, titles, positions, etc.
Precision information is the basis and essence of interpretation, without its precise delivery communication becomes very difficult.
PI in written translation and in translation from the sheet of paper does not cause any difficulty, but in oral interpretation it is the most difficult for remembering and reproduction. This is explained by the fact that it is immaterial. In order to increase the interpretation adequacy in rendering PI one should focus his attention just on precision words and create foundation for his memory by using symbols/signs of interpretation note-making. One more difficulty of PI is in the fact, that it almost always is something new, unknown – after all the variants of combinations of figures and letters are unlimited. PI usually does not subject to any lexical or grammatical transformations; it should be rendered with maximum precision.
Basis information (BI) includes notions, concepts, news and data, well known and easily recognized, understood and remembered in interpretation. BI arouses concrete associations and makes the most important part of erudition (background knowledge) of an interpreter.
As distinct from PI, basis information is something familiar, known and serves as a helper and support in interpretation.
Basis information is divided into:
In letter: familiar and recognized proper names, titles, terms, trade marks;
Numerical: well-known dates, economic and mathematical formulas, indices, and readings, data, etc.
Unlike PI basis information is more subjective and specific: someone knows more in one sphere, someone (interpreter) else – in another, somebody has broader erudition and deeper and so on.
It is necessary in every way to broaden and diversify the volume and quality of BI, aspiring for the new precision information become basis, familiar. This process should go on constantly.
Basis information is obtained from different sources, both in the sphere of main activity (interpretation or another), and outside it, with using different channels (audio, text, visual, etc.) in order to have more diverse information on the tip of your tongue.
13.2. Rendering pi in the Process of Interpretation
Non-fiction or technical texts contain a considerable number of terms, clichés, stock phrases and precision words (numerals and proper names). It’s not difficult to translate PI from the sheet; on the contrary, when PI is translated orally, and as far as it carries the main information load, its translation causes tremendous difficulties, and as a rule, does not allow any omissions or distortions. To avoid this, it’s desirable to use translation notes.
PI is always something new, which is difficult to remember. But the more the interpreter knows about facts of the matter and corresponding terms, the better is his understanding of economical or market trends, market laws, the more comfortable he feels in regards the material (names of corporations, brands of goods, etc.), the quicker PI will change into BI (i.e. something which very familiar, which does not require much effort to remember and translate).
Terms in English are rather ambiguous, consequently, apart from knowing basics of science and engineering, context (narrow and broad) is of great importance, as well as guess, interpreter’s skill to orient himself in situation, keenness of wit, just common sense and sometimes good luck.