Comprehension check

to add more points

to make contrasting points

to emphasize what you say

to list points

to give examples

to express cause and effect

VERB

NOUN

ADJECTIVE

damage

exhaust

increase

emission

absorb

industrial

extinction

developing/developed

contaminate

contribute

pollutant

decline

harm

endanger

expansive

reaction

a) Floods and droughts are serious issues in ……… countries.

DEVELOP

b) We are worried by the ……… amount of carbon dioxide in

the atmosphere.

INCREASE

c) There should be laws to protect ……… species from

poaching.

DANGER

d) By the year 2030, 25% of all animals, birds, fish and insects may be ……….

EXTINCTION

e) Vehicle exhausts are the major ……… of the air.

CONTAMINATE

f) The ……… effect of deforestation on wildlife is growing bigger every year.

HARM

g) The ……… number of whales in the oceans is one of the major concerns for marine biologists,

DECLINE

h) The ……… substances are sulfur and nitrogen oxides.

REACTION

i) It is very costly to restore historical structures and buildings ……… by acid rain.

DAMAGE

Defining and non-defining relative clauses with which, that, who, whose and where

• Defining

1. Acid rain is strongly acidic rain which/that absorbs microscopic particles of

nitric acid or sulfuric acid as it falls towards the ground.

2. Habitat is the territory in which a plant or animal lives and grows best. (Habitat is

the territory a plant or animal lives and grows best in.)

3. Dr. Sanders is a world-known marine biologist who studies sharks and their

habitats.

4. I know some people that are members of “Green City” organization.

5. A good lab assistant is one whose equipment works well.

6. There are very few places in the world where wildlife is preserved.

*which/ that can be omitted if they are the object in a non-defining relative clause.

e.g. The book (that/which) he is reading now is about great maritime explores.

• Non-defining

1. In Asia, acid rain is having truly serious consequences in China, which is the

second largest producer of coal in the world.

2. Dr. Sanders, who studies sharks and their habitats, is the world-known marine

biologist.

3. This equipment, which isn’t used any more, helped him to make his extraordinary

discovery.

4. He told about geographers, who I had never heard of.

5 My junior brother wants to study in Boston university, where I did my

postgraduate course.

6. Acid rain makes soil highly acidic, which leads to the drying and death of forests.

7. Do you know what the consequences of acid rain are?

Make rules

1. … clauses give essential information and they do not have commas.

2. … clause give extra information, and can be left out, they have a

comma before the clause and a comma or a full stop after it.

3. … which/that can be omitted if the are the object in a … clause.

4. … which can be used in a … clause to refer to the whole sentence.

5. … is used in … clauses to mean the thing that.