- •Theme 6. The Industrial revolutions in XVIII-XIX centuries.
- •6.1. The first industrial revolution
- •The Chronology of industrial inventions
- •The Industrial revolution spread worldwide gradually, but in different rates (tab. 6.2).
- •6.2. The second industrial revolution
- •6.3. The enterprises and their financing on boundary of XIX-XX centuries.
- •6.4. Colonial expansion of the European industrial capital in the XIX century.
- •6.4. New social relations and ideologies of industrial revolution
- •Ideologies of industrial revolutions
6.2. The second industrial revolution
The seventies of XIX century were marked by the so-called second technological revolution (tab. 6.3).
This revolution did not concede on scales to the first one, it had been connected to electrification, creation of the engine of internal combustion, the invention of telegraph and phone, development of manufacture of steel, occurrence of chemical dyes and mineral fertilizers.
Table 6.3
The main features of industrial development of the countries on boundary of XIX-XX centuries.
Level of industrial development of the country |
Stimulating (+) and constraining (-) factors |
England |
|
The new enterprises are not under construction, England loses the superiority; during the 1840-1914 the share of England’s agriculture was reduced from 45 to 14 %. For 1850-70 agriculture’s manufacture increased on 1/5; the real wages increased; it allowed to lower social intensity. |
(-) Growth of wages and taxes led to falling of the English industrialists’ profit; to transfer of capitals to other countries (the countries of British Empire and the USA) with a cheap labour. The English investments achieved 4 billion pounds abroad, the profit of the enterprises belonging to English capitalists abroad in 4 times surpassed profit inside the country. |
Germany |
|
The Industrial boom in 1850-70. Capacity of steam engines increased in 9 times; by that parameter Germany had overtaken France. On manufacture’s range Germany conceded England in 2,5 times (backlog managed to be overcome only by 1914). |
(+)
|
France |
|
Industrial production in France grew more slowly, than in Germany and the USA, in 1870-1914 it increased three times.
|
(-)
|
THE USA |
|
The largest industrial power, produced the third of a world industrial output. |
(+)
|
The new technological revolution generated the new industries: electrotechnical, automobile, chemical, steelmaking. Scientific and technical knowledge were spread over the world, and new inventions were made in different countries, especially in Germany and the USA. In the same countries new industries developed also.
The new industrial society was generated in the countries of Europe and Northern America. Other countries lived in the former, agrarian world.
As it was marked above, becoming of manufacturing in Russia began later, than in the countries of the Western Europe. In 1860-1914 the Russian industry developed quickly and had managed to reduce the backlog some.
In 1914 Russia produced:
4,8 millions t. of steel (26,09 % in comparison with Germany),
35 millions t. coal that makes 18,42 % from German’s manufacture volume,
250 thousand t. of clap was processed (51,44 % in comparison with Germany).
Russia was approximately flush with France by total volume of industrial production, however the population of Russia five times surpassed the population of France. Russia remained the agrarian, peasant country. With total number of population in 180 million, it had been occupied only 4 million in the industry.
Despite of non-uniform distribution of influence of the industrial revolutions, it is possible to allocate their basic characteristic features inherent in all countries (tab. 6.4).
Table 6.4
The characteristic of the industrial revolutions
|
The first industrial revolution
|
The second industrial revolution |
The basic technical innovations |
The steam-engine |
The combustion engine |
The basic source energy |
Coal |
|
The basic developing industries |
|
|
Methods of management |
Old methods are applied. The sizes of the enterprises had increased; mass employment is characteristic. Transition from shop to a factory. |
Introduction of a conveyor method by the American engineer Taylor. Rationalization of work by its splitting into making operations, timing of each stage of work. The result: fast increase in productivity. For the first time the method had been applied in motor industry (Ford, USA). |
Industrial revolutions are accompanied by change of labour’s geography that had found reflection, first, in mass resettlement of the countrymen, supported by the railway’s development, and, second, in growth of a urban saturation (for example, by the middle of XIX century in cities and working settlements of England 86 % of the population had concentrated).