References

[1] Physical Control of the mind: Toward a psycho-civilized society (Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, Evanston and London, 1969).

[2] XXIe Congress International de Psychology - XXIst International Congress of Psychology: Acts/Proceedings. Prises Universitaire de France. Paris, 1978.

[3] Dilthey, W.: Gesammelte Schriften. VII. p. 278.

[4] Gadamer, H.-G.: Wahrheit und Methode. J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck) Tübingen, 1975.

[5] Sluzki, C. E. and Ransom, D. C. (eds.), 1976: DOUBLE BIND: The foundation of the communicational approach to the family (Grune & Stratton. New York, London, San Francisco).

[6] Winkin, Y. (ed.): La nouvelle communication (Seuil, Paris, 1981).

[7] Watzlawick, P., Beavin, J. H. and Jackson, D. D.: Pragmatics of human communication: A study of interactional pattern, pathologies and paradoxes (W. W. Norton, New York, 1967).

[8] Rosenthal, R.: Experimenter effects in behavioural research. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1966. (Enlarged edition: Irvington Publisher, Inc., New York, 1976

[9] Rosenthal, R. and Rosnow R. L. (eds.): Artifact in behavioural research. Academic Press, New York, 1969.

[10] Rosenthal, R. and Jacobson, L.: Pygmalion in the classroom. Holt, Rihenhart and Winston, New York, 1968.

[11] Aron­son, E. and Linder, D.: Gain and loss of esteem as determinants of interpersonal attractiveness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 1965. 156-172.

[12] Garai, L., Erös, F., Járó, K. Köcski, M. and Veres, S.: Towards a Social Psychology of Personality: Development and Current Perspectives of a School of Social Psychology in Hungary. Social Science Information. 1979/1. pp.137-166.

[13] Lukacs, G.: Zur Ontologie des gesellschaftlichen Seins. Die Arbeit. Luchterhand, Neuwied Darmstadt, 1973.

[14] Marx, K.: Economic and philosophical manuscripts of 1944. In: Fromm, E., Marx' concept of man. F. Ungar, New York, 1963.

[15] Marx, K.: Grundrisse der Kritik der politischen _conomie (English translation: London, 1973)

[16] Rubinstein. S.: Principles and ways of mental development [In Russian]. Moscow: Publishing House of Soviet Academy of Sciences, 1959.

[17] G[arai], L.: Marxian Personality Psychology. In: Harré-Lamb (eds.), The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology, Basil Blackwell Publisher. 364-366.

[18] Eros, F.: Personality Dynamics and Social Existence, by L. Garai. European Journal of Social Psychology. 4/3. [1974]. 369-379.

[19] Shotter, J.: Vygotsky's psychology: Joint activity in a developmental zone. New Ideas in Psychology. Vol.7(1989), No.2.

[20] Leontiew, Alexei: Problems of mental development. Joint Publications Research Service, Washington, 1969.

[21] Garai, L.: A psychosocial essay on identity [in Hungarian]. T-Twins Editor. Budapest, 1993. 231 pp.

[22] Garai, L. and Kocski, M.: On the mental status of activity and social relation: To the question of continuity between the theories of Vygotsky and Leontiev [in Russian]. Psikhologitchesky Zhurnal, 11:5. (1990) 17-26.

* Journal of Rus­sian and East-European Psychology. 33:1. (1995) 82-94. The pre-published text of the evening paper of the 3rd Activity Theory Congress (Moscow, 1995).

1 Proceedings of the 18th international congress of psychology in Moscow (4-11 April, 1966). Moscow, 1969 (in Russian).

2 Physical Control of the mind: Toward a psycho-civilized society (Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, Evanston and London, 1969). This subsequently published monograph in­clu­ded among others the experiments presented by Delgado at the congress.

3 Proceedings of the 18th international congress of psychology in Mos­cow (4-11 April, 1966). Moscow, 1969; p. 185 (in Russian). My italics — L.G.

4 XXI^e Congress International de Psychology/XXI^st International Congress of Psychology: Acts/Proceedings. Prises Universitaire de France. Paris, 1978. p. 63.

5 W. Dilthey: Gesammelte Schriften. VII. p. 278.

6 H.-G. Gadamer: Wahrheit und Methode. J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck) Tübingen, 1975.

7 The most representative studies of the school's double-bind theory are collected in a volume by C.E. Sluzki and D.C. Ransom (eds.), 1976: DOUBLE BIND: The foundation of the communicational approach to the family (Grune & Stratton. New York, London, San Francisco). For a good summary of the theory, see the introductory study Presentation generale by Y. Winkin in the compendium he edited under the title La nouvelle communication (containing French translations) (Seuil, Paris, 1981).

8 J. Haley, 1963: Strategies of Psychotherapy. Grune & Stratton, N.Y.

9 Experimenter effects in behavioural research. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1966. (Enlarged edition: Irvington Publisher, Inc., New York, 1976 — referred to subsequently). See also: R. Rosenthal and R.L. Rosnow (eds.): Artifact in behavioural research. Academic Press, New York, 1969; as well as R. Rosenthal and L. Jacobson: Pygmalion in the classroom. Holt, Rihenhart and Winston, New York, 1968, in regard to its connections with the topic of the present discussion.

10 Rosenthal: Experimenter effects in behavioural research, pp.3-37.

11 In classical psychological examinations this end was furthered by the trick provided by the use of the detective mirror with the help of which the psychologist observed the subject without the latter being able to notice that he was observed.

12 To be able to judge for himself whether the point in question is real experimen­ta­tion that would be conform to the norm of natural sciences, I kin­dly refer the inte­res­ted reader to Aronson and Linder's description of a pro­cedure they applied master­ful­ly when the actual subject of their experi­ment was made to believe he was the ex­pe­rimenter's assistant charged to ob­serve the behaviour of another person whom he believed to be the sub­ject of the experiment while actually this latter was the assistant (E. Aron­son and D. Linder: Gain and loss of esteem as determinants of interpersonal attractiveness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 1965. 156-172.

13 To judge whether a psychology taking into account such “social scientific” implications as well differs from a psychology taking itself clearly for a natural science, it is worth casting a second glance at Delgado's above-described experiment which eventually aims at handling of issues of power that is anyhow a subject for social sciences .

14 John Shotter: Vygotsky's psychology: Joint activity in a developmental zone. NIP. Vol.7(1989), No.2, p.185.

15 The society labelled by the initial-word ISCRAT was set up as the In­ternational Standing Congress for Research in Activity Theory by the partici­pants of the 1st International Congress on Activity Theory staged in West-Ber­lin in 1986. That was transformed into a regular international society in Am­s­terdam under the name International Society for Cultural Research in Acti­vi­ty Theory, and the 3rd International Congress on Activity The­ory to be staged in May 1994 in Moscow is being organized under its auspices.

16 E. g., a blind man do not perceives his stick but through his stick the unevenness of the ground; and a child having learnt to eat with a spoon puts not the spoon itself in his mouth but the soup with the help of the spoon that may not even be noticed.

17 The interpretative manπuvering taking place in an interaction there have been presented above. For giving an idea about the paradigm that operates when parties in the game interpret the series of moves by unconsciously referred the mediating tools as signs to the background of their common or different cultures consider the following sample of visual patterns that may be interpreted as English words or as French words with completely different meanings: ail (garlic), allure (walk), bail (renting), bale (chaff), but (aim), cane (hen-duck), champ (field), damage (beating with beetle), dauber (drub), enter (graft), fane (faded leaf), if (yew), lac (lake), laid (ugly) main (hand), manger (eat), natter (braid), on (one), pain (braid), rate (spleen), rave (turnip), sable (sand), tape (stroke), verger (orchard), vide (empty). When interpreting the tools as signs the parties — unconsciously — define themselves and each other in terms of their social identities (I dealt with these issues in more details in my book published recently in Hungari­an: A psychosocial essay on identity. T-Twins Editor. Budapest, 1993. 231 pp.

18 [Leontyev] LeohtÚeb A. H. Izßpahhue ncixologiqeckie npoizbedehir [Selected psychologic papers]. Moscow: Pedagogika,1983.

I myself used to do my theoretical research within the framework of the Leontiev's activity theory (see F. Erös: Personality Dynamics and Social Existen­ce, by L. Garai. European Journal of Social Psychology. 4/3 [1974]. 369-379)

19 Vigotszkij: History of higher mental functions' development (in Russian). Coßpahie coqihehij. Tom tpetij: Npoßlemu pazbitir ncixiki. Moscow: Pedagogika. 1983. pp. 146-147.

20 In the 70s there was organized under my direction in the Institute for Psychology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences a workshop whose objective was to study this second, non-Leontievian aspect of Vygotsky's mental world. The research team gave a report of the interrupted research in the periodical of the International Social Sciences Council: L. Garai, F. Erös, K. Járó, M. Köcski and S. Veres: Towards a Social Psychology of Personality: Development and Current Perspectives of a School of Social Psychology in Hungary. Social Science Information. 1979/1. pp.137-166.

It is not relevant here to discuss the outcome of our theoretical work and how the result fitted in the frames of the ambivalence of Vygotsky's theory, complementing Leontiev's Activity Theory. The interested reader can turn for further informations to the following works of the author (besides those already quoted above):

Monographs

Garai, L.: Személyiségdinamika és társadalmi lét [Personality dynamics and social existence — in Hungarian]. Akadémiai Kiadó, Bp., 1969. pp. 231.

Garai, L.: Szabadságszükséglet és esztétikum. [The need for freedom and the æsthetics — in Hungarian]. Akadémiai Kiadó [Academic Press], Bp., 1980. pp. 160.

Garai, L.: Egy gazdaságpszichológia megalapozása. [Foundation of an economic psychology — in Hungarian]. Edition of the Hungarian Economic Society, Budapest, 1990. pp. 158.

Papers

Garai, L.: On two formal conditions of developing systems [in Hungarian]. Magyar Filozófiai Szemle, 15. (1971). 213-215.

Garai, L.: About the notion of information in the research on living systems [in Rus­sian]. In: Filocofckie npoßlemu ßiologii [Philosophical questions of biology]. Izd. “Hayka”. M. 1973.

Garai, L.: The schizophrenia of psychology: The production principle and the possibility of a consistent psychology [in Hungarian] Világosság. 20. (1979). 343-351.

Garai, L.: Marxian Personality Psychology. In: Harré-Lamb (eds.): The En­cyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology. Basil Blackwell Publisher. 1983. 364-366.

Garai, L.: The paradoxes of social identity [in Hungarian]. Pszichológia. 8:2 (1988). 215-240.

Garai, L.: The brain and the mechanism of psychosocial phenomena. Journal of Russian and East-European Psychology. 1993. In press.

Garai, L. and Köcski, M.: The principle of social relations and the principle of activity. Soviet Psychology. 1989/4. 50-69.

Garai, L. and Köcski, M.: On the mental status of activity and social relation: To the question of continuity between the theories of Vygotsky and Leontiev [in Russian]. Ncixologiqeckij ⁄yphal, 11:5. (1990) 17-26.

Garai, L. and Köcski, M.: Positivist and hermeneutic principles in Psychology: Activity and social categori­sa­tion. Studies in Soviet Thought. 42. [1991] 123-135. (Earlier versions: Activity theory and social relations theory. In: Hildebrand-Nielsohn, M. and Rückriem, G. (eds): Proceeding of the 1^st In­ter­national Congress on Activity Theory. Vol. 1. Berlin: Druck und Verlag Sys­tem Druck, 1988. 119-129.; Two Principles in Vygotsky's Heritage: Activity and Com­­mu­nity. In: Eros, F. and Kiss, Gy. [eds]: Seventh European CHEIRON Conferen­ce Bu­da­pest, Hungary, 4‑8 September 1988. Bp.: Hungarian Psychological Association and Institute of Psychology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1988. 191‑201.; German translation: Positivistische und hermeneutische Prinzi­pien in der Psychologie: Tätigkeit und gesellschaftliche Kategorisie­rung [Ü­ber die Frage von Kontinuität und Diskontinuität zwischen Vygot­skij und Le­ont'ev]. Europäische Zeitschrift für Semiotische Studien. 1992. Vol. 3 [1-2]. 1-15.)

Garai, L. and Köcski, M.: To the question of the genesis of thinking in Leontiev's theory [in Russian]. In: Koltsova V. A. and Oleinik I. N. (eds): Historical way of Psychology: Past, present, future. Moscow. 1992.

Köcski, M., 1981: Position in social situation and child's mental development: A longitudinal study. Thesis. [in Russian]. Moscow State University Press.

Köcski, M., 1988: Positionnal analysis of the child's aquirement of his self [in Russian]. In: Cßophik hayqhux tpydob. Akademir hayk CCCP. Ihctityt ncixologii Mockba, 1988. 62-68.

Köcski, M. and Garai, L.: Les débuts de la catégorisation sociale et les manifestations verbales. Une étude longitudinale (translation et adaptation: Paul Wald). Langage et Société. 4. (1978). 3-30.