10. Choose the proper item.

1. Under strict definition, however, ….. produced by humans that is new and unique is an invention.

a) anything b) nothing c) anywhere

2. ….. knows that he is a great inventor.

a) No b) Something c) Everybody

3. In the United States, ….. new and useful art, machine, manufacture, or material may be protected by patent.

a) no b) anything c) any

4. ….. inventions are very important.

a) Some b) Any c) No

5. ….. needed a phonograph before Edison invented it.

a) Nothing b) Nobody c) Everything

6. ….. public campaigns have expressed a concern for patent protection.

a) Any b) Some c) No

7. ….. invention ideas that have never been made in reality can obtain patent protection.

a) Some b) Something c) No

11. Fill in the gaps with some, any, no or one of their compounds.

1. A: Are you doing ….. at the weekend?

B: No, I haven’t made any plans yet.

2. A: I think there’s ….. else in this envelope.

B: Take it out and see what it is.

3. A: Are you off work next week?

B: Yes, but I’m not going ….. . I’m going to stay at home.

4. A: The meal was a great success last night.

B: I know. There was ….. food left over, either.

5. A: Where is our professor?

B: He’s gone ….. with students.

6. A: Did you enjoy your visit to the museum?

B: Yes, but there was ….. to tell us about the exhibits.

7. A: The bus was really very crowded today. There was ….. to sit.

B: I know. I wish I had my own car.

12. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Розкажіть нам все про ваш винахід.

2. Ніхто не знав нічого про Америку до того як Колумб відкрив її.

3. Хтось залишив журнал у нашій аудиторії вчора.

4. Чи є тут хтось хто знає англійську мову?

5. Деякі винаходи покращили життя людей.

6. Вони не сказали нічого.

7. Чи є в будинку хто-небудь? – Так, там є хтось.

Unit 18

LEAD-IN

1. What types of engines are used to drive these means of transport?

2. What other types of engines do you know? What is the difference between them?

READING

3. Read the text and say whether the statements that follow are true or false. Types of Engines

An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical motion.

Devices converting heat energy into motion are referred to as engines, which come in many types. A common type is a heat engine such as an internal combustion engine which typically burns a fuel with air and uses the hot gases for generating power. External combustion engines such as steam engines use heat to generate motion via a separate working fluid.

A common type of motor is the electric motor. This takes electrical energy and generates mechanical motion via varying electromagnetic fields.

Other motors include pneumatic motors that are driven by compressed air. Motors can also be driven by elastic energy, such as springs. Some motors are driven by non combustive chemical reactions. Molecular motors like myosins in muscles generate useful mechanical motion in biological systems by chemical reactions.

Originally an engine was a mechanical device that converted force into motion. Military devices such as catapults, trebuchets and battering rams are referred to as siege engines. Most devices used in the industrial revolution were referred to as engines, and this is where the steam engine gained its name.

In modern usage, the term is used to describe devices capable of performing mechanical work, as in the original steam engine. In most cases the work is produced by exerting a torque or linear force, which is used to operate other machinery which can generate electricity, pump water, or compress gas. In the context of propulsion systems, an air-breathing engine is one that uses atmospheric air to oxidise the fuel carried rather than supplying an independent oxidizer, as in a rocket.

In common usage, an engine burns or otherwise consumes fuel, and is differentiated from an electric machine (i.e., electric motor) that derives power without changing the composition of matter. A heat engine may also serve as a prime mover, a component that transforms the flow or changes in pressure of a fluid into mechanical energy. An automobile powered by an internal combustion engine may make use of various motors and pumps, but ultimately all such devices derive their power from the engine.

The term motor was originally used to distinguish the new internal combustion engine-powered vehicles from earlier vehicles powered by steam engines, such as the steam roller and motor roller, but may be used to refer to any engine.

1. Civil devices such as catapults, trebuchets and battering rams are referred to as siege engines.

2. External combustion engines such as steam engines use heat to generate movement via a separate working fluid.

3. Most devices used in the industrial revolution were referred to as motors, and this is where the steam engine gained its name.

4. An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into important mechanical motion.

5. Electric motor takes electrical power and generates mechanical motion via varying electromagnetic fields.

6. Originally an engine was a mechanical machine that converted force into motion.

7. Molecular motors like myosins in muscles generate useful automatic motion in biological systems by chemical reactions.

1	2	3	4	5	6	7
T	T	T	T	T	T	T
F	F	F	F	F	F	F

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

4. Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once.

engine, steam, mechanical, external, combustion, vehicle, chemical

1. air-breathing …..

2. internal ….. engine

3. original ….. engine

4. non combustive ….. reactions

5. useful ….. motion

6. engine-powered …..

7. ….. combustion engine

5. Match each word from the text with its synonym.

1. fluid a) power

2. engine b) apparatus

3. energy c) substance

4. motion d) car

5. matter e) motor

6. automobile f) liquid

7. device g) movement

6. Complete the following sentences:

1. A heat engine may also serve as …….

2. The term motor was originally used to …….

3. Motors can also be driven by …….

4. An engine or motor is a machine designed to …….

5. External combustion engines such as …….

6. Originally an engine was a mechanical …….

7. Molecular motors like myosins …….

7. Make up word combinations from the following words, translate them into Ukrainian:

1. propulsion a) engine

2. electric b) field

3. mechanical c) system

4. working d) motor

5. steam e) motion

6. electromagnetic f) reaction

7. chemical g) fluid

8. Solve the crossword:

												1
						2								3
			4						5
		6
					7
8
9
									10

Across: 4 A machine that changes power, especially electrical power, into movement and is used for working other machines. 5 The act, way or process of moving. 7 A piece of equipment intended for a particular purpose. 8 A material that is used for producing heat or power by burning or by atomic means. 9 The chemical activity, usually in the presence of oxygen, that produces light and heat. 10 A piece of machinery with moving parts which changes power from steam, electricity, oil, etc., into movement.

Down: 1 Something in or on which people or goods can be carried from one place to another, something that moves on wheels, such as a bicycle, car, bus, etc. 2 Force that can be used for doing work, driving a machine or producing electricity. 3 The power which can do work, such as drive machines or provide heat. 5 An instrument or apparatus which uses power, such as electricity, to perform work. 6 Water in the state of a gas produced by boiling.

WRITING