4. Units of language vs. Speech

A taxonomy (таксономія, будова) of units of language vs. speech from largest to smallest can be represented in the table that follows:

LANGUAGE a code	SPEECH an activity, a process
Text текст	Discourse дискурс
Sentence речення	Utterance висловлення
Phrase( sense-group, syntagm) фраза (смислова група, синтагма)	Tone unit (intonation group) тональна (інтонаційна) група
Word, morpheme слово, морфема	Rhythmic group( phonetic word, foot) ритмічна група (фонетичне слово
-	Syllable склад
Phoneme  фонема	Speech segment (allophone) звуковий сегмент (алофон)
Distinctive feature дистинктивна риса	Articulatory feature артикуляційна риса

4. . Ways of description of the phonic substance of language.

Phonetics is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making and provides methods for its description, classification and transcription.

There are 4 branches of phonetics: 1) articulatory, 2) auditory, 3) acoustic and 4) functional (phonology).

There are two more branches of phonetics: 1) experimental phonetics – which uses controlled experiments,

2) instrumental phonetics – which uses measuring devices and instrumental techniques.

Pronunciation norm of english and its dictionary presentation

1. The definition of pronunciation norm and its characteristics.

2. Specialist dictionaries of English pronunciation.

1. The definition of pronunciation norm and its characteristics.

Literary pronunciation/standard of pronunciation is defined by its norm. There is a variety of viewpoints on language norms in present-day linguistics. In sum, this variety can be reduced to the following two approaches:

1) Norm can be described as a set of actual realizations of the language system accepted by the educated speakers as “correct”, preferable.

2) Norm is a collectively accepted, and/or socially relevant representation applied to a language.

Based on the above-given viewpoints on language norms, the following definition of pronunciation norm can be given:

PRONUNCIATION NORM is a set of parameters describing that phonetic shaping of spoken form of a national language which at a given time is 1) generally considered correct, 2) statistically relevant and/or 3) enjoys social prestige.

Pronunciation norm must not appear for EFL learners as a set of rigid regulations, fixed once and for ever. It is dynamic in nature i.e. liable for changes in the course of time, in language diachrony (мовна діахронія). At any particular time in the evolution of an accent, in language synchrony (мовна синхронія), there are likely to be a number of different, co-existent, realizations of phonemes, word pronunciation forms – pronunciation variants.

The English pronunciation norm appears for EFL learners in the explicit, materialized form through its codification (кодифікація, фіксація в словниках), i.e. reflection/fixing of actual pronunciation forms in pronunciation dictionaries and other sources of reference.

Proninciation norm may be of two types: actual and codified.

There is no one-to-one correlation between them: codified pronunciation is never fully adequate to the actual one. For technical reasons pronouncing dictionaries do not reflect the newest tendencies occurring in the living pronunciation.