27. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

FROM THE HISTORY OF NAVIGATION

1. Navigation is the art of getting from one place to another, safely and efficiently. Maps, compasses, astrolabes and calipers are among the early tools used by ocean navigators. Despite these early beginnings, it would take many centuries before global navigation at sea became possible. Until the 15^th century, mariners were essentially coastal navigators. In the modern era, these tools have been largely replaced by electronic and technological equipments. The 20^th century brought important advances to marine navigation, with radio beacons, radar, the gyroscopic compass, and the global positioning system (GPS).

2. One of the earliest man-made navigation tools was the mariner's compass, an early form of the magnetic compass (13^d1 century). The gyroscopic compass (or gyro compass) was introduced in 1907. The primary benefit of the gyro compass over a magnetic compass is that the gyro is unaffected by the Earth's, or the ship's magnetic field, and always points to true north.

3. The 1^st practical radar (short for "radio detection and ranging") system was produced in 1935. It was used to locate objects beyond range of vision by projecting radio waves against them. This was, and still is, very useful on ships to locate other ships and land when visibility is reduced.

4. The U.S. navigation system known as Long Range Navigation (Loran) was developed between 1940 and 1943, and uses pulsed radio transmissions from so-called "master" and "slave" stations to determine a ship's position. The accuracy of Loran is measured in hundreds of meters, but only has limited coverage. In the late 20^th century, the global positioning system (GPS) largely replaced the Loran. GPS uses the same principle of time difference from separate signals as Loran, but the signals come from satellites. As of 2002, the system consisted of 24 satellites, and gave the mariner a position with accuracy of 9 meters (30 feet) or less.

www. wikipedia. org

Определите, является ли утверждение

A magnetic compass is unaffected by the Earth's, or the ship's, magnetic field, and always points to true north.

а) истинным Ь)ложным с) в тексте нет информации

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28. The practical radar system is used on ships to locate other ships and land

when visibility is reduced.

а) ложным Ь)в тексте нет информации с) истинным

29. Loran consisted of 24 satellites and gave the mariner a position with accuracy of 9 meters (30 feet) or less.

а) истинным b) в тексте нет информации с) ложным

30. The accuracy of GPS is measured in hundreds of meters.

а) ложным b) в тексте нет информации с) истинным

31. Укажите, какой части текста (1-4) соответствует следующая информация:

The comparison of GPS and Loran.

a) 2 b) 4 c) 1 d) 3

32. The enumeration of the early navigational tools.

a) 4 b) 1 c) 3 d) 2

33. Ответьте на вопрос.

What navigation system uses pulsed radio transmissions to determine a ship's position?

1. Radar system

2. Loran

3. All these systems d)GPS

34. Определите основную идею текста.

1. Modern navigation.

2. Navigational tools.

3. Different branches of navigation.

4. Navigation history.

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CONTENTS

Структура заданий тестирования 3

Unit I Лексика

Учебная лексика 5

Деловая лексика 6

Профессиональная лексика 7

Термины (Дефиниции) 9

Unit II Грамматика

Словообразован ие 11

Местоимения 12

Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий 13

Артикли 14

Предлоги 15

Союзы 17

Глагол и его формы 18

Неличные формы глагола 19

Фразовые глаголы 20

Модальные глаголы 21

Unit III Речевой этикет

Бытовая сфера , 22

Профессионально-деловая сфера 24

Учебно-социальная сфера 27

Социально-деловая сфера 30

IV раздел Культура и традиции стран изучаемого языка

Великобритания 32

США 33

Канада 35

Выдающиеся личности англо-говорящих стран 36

UnitV Письмо

Оформление делового письма 37

Оформление конверта 45

Оформление резюме, письма-заявления, письма-уведомления,

письма-запроса 51

Оформление факса, электронного сообщения, служебной

записки, повестки дня 54

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Unit VI Чтение

Man and His Physical Environment 59

N atural Env ironment 62

Mineral Deposits 64

Climatic Classification 66

Air Pollution 68

Recycling 70

Vitamins and Provitamins 72

Cataclysmic Eruption 74

The History of Geodesy 76

Trip Planning 78

A irlines 80

Shopping Centre 82

From the History of Navigation 84

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