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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ___________________________________

Казанский государственный

энергетический университет

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ

РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ

Государственное образовательное учреждение

высшего профессионального образования

«КАЗАНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ

ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

Д.Г. Сидорова

Г.Ф. Филиппова

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК ДЛЯ

МАГИСТРАНТОВ

(технических специальностей)

Учебное пособие

по курсу

«Иностранный язык»

Казань 2009

Рецензенты:

кандидат педагогических наук, доцент

Татарского государственного гуманитарно-педагогического университета А.А. Каримова;

кандидат педагогических наук, доцент Казанского государственного энергетического университета Е.В. Дмитриева.

Сидорова Д.Г., Филиппова Г.Ф.

С34 Английский язык для магистрантов (технических специальностей): Учебно-методическое пособие / Д.Г. Сидорова, Г.Ф. Филиппова. – Казань: Казан. гос. энерг. ун-т, 2009. – 80 с.

Учебно-методическое пособие представляет собой грамматический справочник, а также сборник текстов и упражнений по различным аспектам английской грамматики.

Данное пособие предназначено для магистрантов технических специальностей и имеет целью приобретение и развитие навыков научно- технического перевода.

УДК 811.111

ББК 81.2

© Казанский государственный энергетический университет, 2009.

Предисловие

Настоящее пособие предназначено для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы магистрантов технических специальностей.

Основная цель данного пособия – систематизировать имеющиеся знания, развивать навыки и умения правильно употреблять грамматические структуры английского языка в письменной и устной речи, подготовить магистрантов к работе с научно-технической литературой по специальности.

Пособие состоит из теоретической и практической частей.

Теоретическая часть включает в себя справочник по грамматике, состоящий из 10 разделов. Отбор материала производился с учетом наиболее часто встречающихся, а также вызывающих определенные трудности грамматических явлений.

Практическая часть представлена сборником тренировочных упражнений и текстов, построенных на общеупотребительной и научно-технической лексике. Цель данных упражнений – автоматизация употребления различных грамматических структур, развитие навыков чтения и перевода научно-технических текстов.

Пособие предназначено для магистрантов технических специальностей.

I. Страдательный залог

Страдательным залогом (пассивной формой) мы называем такую конструкцию предложения, при которой подлежащее не является действующим лицом (или предметом), а само подвергается действию со стороны дополнения (при этом дополнение может лишь подразумеваться, не будучи выражено в предложении):

Radium was discovered in 1898 (by the Curies). – Радий был открыт в 1898 г. (супругами Кюри).

Сказуемое в пассивной форме состоит из вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола:

to be + Participle II

Инфинитив – to be constructed:

	Present	Past	Future	Future in the Past
Indefinite	The bridge is constructed.	The bridge was constructed.	The bridge will be constructed.	The bridge would be constructed.
Continuous	The bridge is being constructed.	The bridge was being constructed.	—	—
Perfect	The bridge has been constructed.	The bridge had been constructed.	The bridge will have been constructed.	The bridge would have been constructed.

The bridge was constructed last year. – Этот мост был построен в прошлом году.

После глаголов в страдательном залоге часто следует предложное дополнение с предлогом by:

This music was composed by Beethoven. – Эта музыка была написана Бетховеном.

Значение временных форм глагола в страдательном залоге

и способы их перевода:

Временное значение глагольных форм в страдательном залоге соответствует временному значению глаголов в таких же временных формах действительного залога:

Простое настоящее:

Every year we build new roads in this region. Каждый год мы строим новые дороги в этом районе. (действительный залог)

New roads are built in this region every year. Каждый год в этом районе строятся новые дороги. (страдательный залог)

Настоящее перфектное:

Someone has spilt some wine on the table-cloth. Кто-то пролил вино на скатерть. (действительный залог)

Some wine has been spilt on the table-cloth. Вино было пролито на скатерть. (страдательный залог)

Простое прошедшее:

They staged “Othello” last year. В прошлом году они поставили «Отелло». (действительный залог)

“Othello” was staged last year. «Отелло» был поставлен в прошлом году. (страдательный залог)

Прошедшее продолженное:

They were building a new school in our town. Они строили новую школу в нашем городе. (действительный залог)

A new school was being built in our town. Новая школа строилась в нашем городе. (страдательный залог)

Простое будущее:

We shall pack the suitcases in ten minutes. Мы уложим чемоданы через десять минут. (действительный залог)

The suitcases will be packed in ten minutes. Чемоданы будут уложены через десять минут. (страдательный залог)

Английские глаголы в страдательном залоге переводят на русский язык одним из следующих способов:

1) страдательным оборотом, в котором сказуемое (аналогично сказуемому страдательного залога в английском языке) образовано сочетанием глагола быть (был, будет) с краткой формой страдательного причастия:

He was invited to the meeting. – Он был приглашен на собрание.

2) глаголами, оканчивающимися на -ся:

Apples are being sold in this shop. – Яблоки продаются в этом магазине.

3) неопределенно-личным предложением (подлежащее в переводе отсутствует; сказуемое стоит в 3-м лице множественного числа действительного залога):

The book is much spoken about. – Об этой книге много говорят.

4) когда нельзя применить какой-либо из указанных выше способов, страдательный оборот при переводе заменяют равнозначным ему оборотом в действительном залоге (дополнение с by при переводе становится подлежащим):

They were invited by my friend. – Их пригласил мой друг.

Упражнение 1. Проанализируйте следующие предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы в страдательном залоге:

1. The Leningrad metro was being constructed when the Great Patriotic war broke up. 2. In Soviet times Tsiolkovsky's ideas were recognised and he was given state support. 3. We were told about the sad state of art in eastern regions. 4. The lightness of hydrogen is made use of in the filling of balloons. 5. Safety and protection for the people working around the atomic reactor are provided by a mass of reinforced concrete, 8 feet thick. 6. Radio sets are provided for in all sea going vessels. 7. The discovery of radium was followed by a number of important inventions. 8. The current is measured with the ammeter. 9. The expedition was given a very difficult task. 10. The balloon has been lost sight of. 11. This problem may be approached from different standpoints. 12. Spanish is spoken in South America. 13. His words were followed by a deep silence.

Упражнение 2. Проанализируйте следующие предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы в страдательном залоге:

1. The question of further development of agriculture was given much attention. 2. The trajectory of a projectile is affected to a large extent by air resistance. 3. We are taught that light is a form of energy. 4. A floating body is acted upon by two sets of forces. 5. This project must be given due consideration. 6. 65.4 parts of zinc and 2 parts of hydrogen are spoken of as chemically equivalent quantities. 7. No electric charges have ever been observed of smaller magnitude than the charges of proton or electron. 8. Nuclear reactor is provided with a concrete shielding. 9. The Conference was attended by 150 delegates. 10. The speaker was listened to attentively. 11. We were given an exceptionally warm welcome by Zulu students. 12. Have you been brought a newspaper? 13. Potatoes were brought to Europe by Columbus.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, выделяя сказуемые в страдательном залоге:

1. Mathematics is loved by many, disliked by a few, admir­ed and respected by all. 2. Facts alone are wanted in life (Ch. Dickens). 3. These parts are made of steel throughout. 4. At this point the material under examination is fed. 5. The treatment of this theory was modified. 6. The possibilities under consideration will be discussed in detail. 7. The invasion of armies is resisted; the invasion of ideas is not (V. Hugo). 8. The initiative was supported by everybody. 9. Thus, the upper cut number of the node B is decreased by one. 10. As far as this theory is concerned there are different views. 11. The machine was tried under severe conditions. 12. With a catalyst the reaction was accelerated tenfold. 13. This stage was preceded by careful study of the results. 14. If you already know what these terms mean, proceed directly to Chapter 1, in which the procedure is presented. 15. No stage of the design can be completed in the absence of a complete specification of the system under design. 16. This requirement must be met. 17. Little was known about subsequent negotiations except that no agreement was reached. 18. In an inductive argument data about past and future are taken as "reasons". 19. Under these conditions the requirements involved are only partially met. 20. Significant variance reductions can be effected by these procedures. 21. Considerably less was written about mechanisms for effecting state changes. 22. The incompati­bility of "this is good" and "this is not good" is preserved. 23. The intellect is involved into action. 24. Such acts are forbidden by law. 25. The number of degrees of freedom is reduced by the number of imposed constraints. 26. The task is executed through successive completion of such cycles. 27.The importance of this phenomenon was underestimated. 28.What is written without effort is in general read without pleasure (S. Johnson). 29. The special case derivations will not be provided, but the numerical results will be provided.

Упражнение 4. Переведите текст, выделяя сказуемые в страдательном залоге:

Research that is directed toward the solution of problems can be divided into two major classes: evaluative and devel­opmental. An evaluative problem is one in which the alterna­tive courses of action are completely specified in advance and the solution consists of selecting the best of these. A devel­opmental problem is concerned with the search for (and per­haps construction or synthesis of) instruments which yield a course of action that is better than any available at the time.

In discussing the phases of research we shall consider each of the types of research that have been identified and explore their methodological differences and similarities. But the basis of these comparisons will be laid throughout by a de­tailed consideration of evaluative problem solving.

As it will be seen in some detail, applied research has the advantage of being able to formulate criteria of its own effi­ciency in terms of the objectives for which the problem is being investigated. Because of lack of specific objectives, in pure research such criteria cannot be formulated as explicit­ly. Consequently, in pure research many implicit assumptions are made about the conditions under which its results will be applied. In applied research these assumptions are frequent­ly found to be unrealistic. To elaborate a previous example, in pure research the seriousness of various errors can seldom be measured. In applied problems, however, there are few cases in which this condition holds. Hence different estima­tion procedures are required in applied science, and serious questions about the estimating procedures of pure science are raised. This fact is not generally appreciated; to the contrary, it is commonly believed that pure research tends to be meth­odologically superior to applied research. Hence, the general approach of this book may be contrary to the intuition and beliefs of many.

We shall first discuss the methodological aspects of each phase of research in an applied context, and then consider what can be learned from this representation that can be used in the pure research context.

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения, выделяя сказуемые в страдательном залоге:

1. The point of equilibrium however is tremendously influenc­ed by the temperature. 2. The results were affected by the presence of impurities. 3. This phenomenon has been dealt with by several researchers. 4. In ethers and similar solvents the frequency was unaffected. 5. No difficulties were met at all. 6.The reaction was followed by measuring temperature. 7. The experiment will be followed by testing the end product. 8. This usage is not followed in carbohydrate chemistry. 9. Hamilton's discovery was quickly followed by other new algebras. 10. No amount of selected examples, however convincing, can be relied upon.

11. What is watched or waited for seems too long in coming. 12. As far as other compounds of this series are concern­ed they will be dealt with in another chapter. 13. While such special cases are rather easily dealt with the general problem is considerably more difficult. 14. The changes in water content will be accompanied by alterations in salt concentrations, and the latter are also affected by the ionic concentrations of the food ingested. 15. This problem can be approached from several points of view. 16. The congress was referred to as a most represen­tative forum in this field. 17. Fallacies of this kind can often be met with. 18. Every thing is affected by its relations to every­thing else. 19. A decision was arrived at.

20. This is hardly to be wondered at. 21. This central idea must not be lost sight of. 22. Methods employed in solving a problem are strongly in­fluenced by the research objective. 23. As data are changed, how are outputs affected? 24. This paper was shortly followed by another by the same author. 25. Any statement which must be referred to by any other statement in the program must be identified by a "statement number". 26. The inward component is not affected by any of these treatments. 27. These rules were arrived at independently. 28. A printer gets assigned temporally to a user as his own whilst he uses it.29. Mercury becomes contaminated and cannot be reused. 30. The output gets substracted from the input signal. 31. Different forms of experience were studied and became organized into a science.

Упражнение 6. Прочитайте текст, переведите его, обращая внимание на глаголы в страдательном залоге:

Automation is often referred to as a new subject and its vari­ous aspects have not yet all been paid adequate attention to. Thus, for example, its commercial aspects have been only recently fully appreciated. Many problems arising from the impact of auto­mation on national and world economy have not even been dealt with. It is, therefore, of paramount importance that general pub­lic should be informed both of its technological and social aspects.

There is hardly any aspect of human life that would not be affected by the changes that automation will bring about. Un­fortunately, there is relatively little factual material available for analysing the consequences of automatization. Indeed, most economists are not yet fully aware of the problems that might arise in the process of automatization. The effect of these de­velopments on the trend of prices, capital investments, balance of payments have not yet been fully appreciated. These sub­jects should be adequately dealt with in foreseeable future.

Упражнение 7. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сказуемые в страдательном залоге:

1. Never ask pardon before you are accused. 2. Little thieves are hanged, but great ones escape. 3. What may be done at any time will be done at no time. 4. Nature is often hidden; sometimes overcome; seldom extinguished (F. Bacon). 5. Goodness of an object is defined by its relation to other objects. 6. This is rooted in instinct. 7. A mechanical method was substituted for an electric one. 8. Intuitive skill is required in forecasting opinions. 9. This phenomenon is accounted for by the sudden rise of temperature. 10. For the estimations use will be made of a hypothetical reference model. 11. Assume that all demands must be met on time. 12. The distinction between cause and effect cannot be established or altered by any authority, external or internal. 13. The decision is reached by balancing pleasures against pain. 14. Each sensor was assigned a corresponding specified coordinate S. 15. From now on it is assumed that the machines under consideration are strongly connected.

Упражнение 8. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на трудные случаи перевода глаголов в страдательном залоге:

1. The question of the laws of resistances in circuits may now be turned to. 2. Many materials now commonly used were not even thought of thirty years ago. 3. Biological methods of purifying water are given much attention to by scientists. 4. The range of application of gas chromatography is wide and most substances boiling under 300ºC can be dealt with readily. 5. Poli­tical and economic penetration was soon followed by outright annexation. 6. Their defeat was utter and awful. Mercy was not thought of. 7. The book was terribly bad, it was just a chance that it got published. 8. Mathematics, astronomy and physics were the first sciences to get organized and defined. 9. Every breach of rules was dealt with as a breach of the law and punish­ment was proportionally severe. 10. When exposed to a beam of light this movement becomes oriented in the direction of the beam, and on a vertical surface it becomes directed by gravity. 11. The speed with which arithmetic operations are performed is affected by a number of factors. 12. In gaseous reactions the equilibrium position is largely influenced by pressure. 13. The qualitative examination of an organic compound is followed by a quantitative analysis. 14. Questions can be asked and answer­ed, but unfortunately the questions asked and those answered are frequently not the same.

Упражнение 9. Переведите текст, выделите случаи употребления страдательного залога и дайте возможные варианты перевода:

COAL

It has been proved that all coals had their origin in the vegetable matter of prehistoric forests. The woody fiber and other vegetable matter were transformed into peat by fermentation due to bacteria. During this process, a great part of the oxygen and hydrogen was eliminated, while the amount of carbon remained practically the same. Subsequently the peaty matter was changed into coal by a process of destructive distillation, which had been caused by great pressure and high temperature. The differences in types of coal can be easily explained by different conditions during this process of evolution. Among these variable conditions by which the formation of coal had been affected the following may be mentioned: time, depth of the bed below the surface of the earth, and amount of disturbance of the bed due to movements of the earth.

Foreign matter was introduced during this movement of the earth. Coal is composed of the following principal elements: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulphur. However, these are not present solely in their elementary state, but also in various combinations, principally moisture and volatile matter. Consequently, coal is classified into various types according to its constituents; some of these types will be mentioned below.

Peat is an intermediate condition between wood and coal. It is often used as fuel in the Temperate Zone, where it is found in large quantities in the swampy regions. It is commonly cut into blocks and dried in the air.

Bituminous coal is the name which is usually given to coal containing more than 20 per cent volatile matter. Bituminous coal is not susceptible to spontaneous combustion, although care must be exercised in its storage. Since there is a wide range of variation in the characteristics of the bituminous coals, they have been divided commercially into the following classes: coking, cannel, and non-coking. Coking coal, upon being burned gives off considerable gas and tends to fuse together in a pasty mass (coke). Cannel coal has a high percentage of volatile hydrocarbons, ignites easily and is so valuable as a gas-producing coal that it is rarely burned to produce steam.

Non-coking coal does not coke upon being burned and is very extensively used as a fuel to produce steam.