- •390 1 English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •Strain and Conflict
- •392 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •394 I EnQlish for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •Unit VIII
- •Kinds of Groups
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •396 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •XIII. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
- •XIV. Read and translate the text:
- •XV. Answer the following questions:
- •402 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •XVI. Contradict the following statements. Start your sentence with: «Quite on the contrary...»
- •XVII. Ask your friend:
- •Give examples of primary and secondary groups.
- •Characterize in brief:
- •404 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •Networks
- •406 | English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •Unit IX
- •Group Dynamics
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •4'* I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •VIII. Read the text again and note the difference between ingroups and outgroups.
- •IX. Prepare a report «Group Dynamics and Society». Unitx
- •I. Read and translate the text:
- •Deviance
- •4/6 | English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •418 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •VII. Speak on:
- •VIII. Translate the text in writing:
- •2. People become deviant as others define them that way.
- •420 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •Unit XI
- •422 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •424 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •XII. Answer the following questions:
- •428 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •Unit XII
- •IV. Answer the following questions:
- •Fourth Dimension
- •434 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •The Golden Mean
- •436 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •VI. Answer the following questions:
- •440 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •VIII. Answer the following questions:
- •442 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •444 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •Make up disjunctive questions:
- •445 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •V. What problems are similar for both countries?
- •44Д I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •Mass society
- •450 | English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •7Exrs for written translation I 453
- •III. Translate the text in writing.
- •454 1 English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •455 1 English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •460 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •1. Spencer and His Time
- •VII. Translate the text in writing:
- •466 | English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •VIII. Translate the text in writing:
- •468 | English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •470 1 English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •47Г | English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •P resent simple
- •II. Complete the following sentences:
- •Past simple
- •478 I Enalish for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •Present perfect
- •480 1 English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •482 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •II. Analyze and translate the sentences with participles:
- •484 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •486 | English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •488 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •490 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •494 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •XIII. Read and translate the sentences with complex subject:
- •495 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •XIV. Translate the following conditional sentences:
- •XV. Translate the following conditional sentences:
- •498 | English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •XVI. Read, analyze and translate:
- •XVII. Read and translate the following sentences:
- •Vocabulary 500 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •Vocabulary I 5o3
- •504 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •Vocabulary I s°5
- •Vocabulary I s07
- •Vocabulary 1 509
4/6 | English for Psychologists and Sociologists
VI. Read the text and treat its contents in Russian:
Biological Explanations of Deviance
Human behaviour was understood - or more correctly, misunderstood - during the nineteenth century as an expression of biological instincts. Along with other patterns of human behaviour, criminality was explained on biological grounds.
Lombroso: early research
In 1876, Caesare Lombroso (1835-1909), an Italian physician who worked in prisons, developed a biological theory of criminality. Lombroso described criminals as having distinctive physical characteristics — low foreheads, prominent jaws and cheekbones, protruding ears, hairiness, and unusually long arms — that resemble human beings' apelike ancestors. In other words, he viewed criminals as evolutionary throwbacks to lower forms of life.
Because of their biologically based inadequacy, Lombroso reasoned, such individuals would think and act in a primitive manner likely to run afoul of society's laws. Although toward the end of his career Lombroso acknowledged that social factors play a part in criminality, his early claim that some people are literalljHborn criminals was widely influential in an era in which biological explanations of human behaviour were popular.
Lombroso's findings were based on seriously flawed research methods. He failed to see that the physical characteristics he found in prison and linked to criminality also existed in the population as a whole. Early in the twentieth century, the British psychiatrist Charles Buck-man Goring (1870-1919), who also worked in prisons, published the results of a comparison of thousands of convicts and noncriminals. There was a great deal of physical variation within both groups, but Goring's
Sociology. UnitX I 4//
research showed there were no significant physical differences between the criminal and noncriminal categories of the kind suggested by Lombroso.
Delinquency and body structure
After Lombroso's theory of born criminality was disproved, others continued to search for biological explanations of criminality. William Sheldon (1949) advanced the idea of body structure in terms of three general types: ectomorphs, who were tall, thin, and fragile; endomorphs, who were short, and fat; and mesomorphs, who were muscular and athletic. Sheldon noted that no one conforms exactly to any of these pure types. Rather, he thought the average person shows some combination of body types, although one type usually predominates. After comparing hundreds of young men — half of whom were known to have been engaged in criminal activity and half of whom, were believed to be noncriminal - Sheldon reported an apparent association between criminality and the mesomorphic body type. In other words, he found a link between criminality and a muscular, athletic body structure. Like Lombroso, however, Sheldon was criticized for basing his work on samples that were not representative of the entire population.
Further, more carefully designed research based on these basic body types was conducted by Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck (1950). The Gluecks also concluded that there is a link between criminality and a mesomorphic body structure, although they did not claim that physical characteristics are a direct cause of criminality. Rather, they concluded that the mesomorphic body type is associated with personal characteristics — such as insensitivity to frustration — that seem likely to promote criminality. The Gluecks also noted the importance of social environment in explaining criminality; they found that young men with mesomorphic builds were typically
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