- •1. Тексти для читання, перекладу та аналізу
- •1.1. Read and translate the text the internet
- •1.2. Read and translate the text
- •Internet and modern life
- •1.3. Read and translate the text microsoft company
- •1.4. Read and translate the text computer organization
- •1.5. Read and translate the text computer programming
- •1.6. Read and translate the text the minicomputer as a control component
- •1.7. Read and translate the text programs and algorithms
- •1.8. Read and translate the text. Digital Computer Principles Binary Numbers
- •1.9. Read and translate the text central processing unit (cpu)
- •1. Complete the following sentences using the words and expressions given below
- •2. Fill in the prepositions if necessary
- •3. Answer the following questions
- •4. Read the text
- •1.10. Read and translate the text
- •1. Complete the following sentences using words and
- •1.11. Read and translate the text cache memory
- •1. Match words from the text with their definitions.
- •2. Identify whether the following statements are true or false. Use the model:
- •3. Join the sentences with the proper variant in the right column.
- •4. Answer the following questions
- •5. Read the text
- •1.12. Read and translate the text flash memory device
- •1. Match words from the text with their definitions
- •2. Identify whether the following statements are true or false. Use the model:
- •3. Complete the following sentences using words and expressions given below.
- •4. Answer the following questions
- •5. Read the text
- •1.13. Read and translate the text definition of a hard disk
- •1. Identify whether the following sentences are true or false. Use the model:
- •2. Complete the following sentences using words and expressions given below.
- •1.14. Read and translate the text
- •Virtual reality
- •1. Complete the following sentences using words and expressions given below.
- •2. Fill in the prepositions if necessary.
- •3. Answer the questions.
- •1.15. Read and translate the text personal digital assistant (pda)
- •1. Complete the following sentences using words and expressions given below
- •2. Put the questions to the words in bold type
- •3. Answer the questions
- •1.16. Read and translate the text Programming Languages
- •1. Complete the following sentences using words and expressions given below
- •2. Fill in the prepositions if necessary
- •3. Answer the questions
- •4. Read the text
- •1.17. Read and translate the text fourth-generation languages
- •1. Complete the following sentences using words and expressions given below
- •2. Read and translate the text
- •3. Answer the questions.
- •1.18. Read and translate the text Multimedia
- •1. Complete the following sentences using words and expressions given below:
- •2. Answer the questions
- •3. Read and translate the text
- •2. English-Ukrainian Glossary
- •Література
1.13. Read and translate the text definition of a hard disk
A hard disk drive (HDD) is a digital data storage device that writes and reads data via magnetization changes of a magnetic storage disk along concentric tracks. Computer hard disk drives have become a standard data storage component of modern computer systems and are used in other modern consumer electronics as well. Their proliferation can be directly attributed to their low cost, high storage capacity and high reliability, in addition to wide availability, low power consumption, high data transfer speeds and decreasing physical size.
A hard disk drive contains rigid, disk-shaped platters usually constructed of aluminium or glass. Unlike floppy disks, the platters cannot bend or flex — hence the term hard disk. In most hard disk drives, the platters cannot be removed; for that reason, IBM calls them fixed disk drives. Hard disk drives used to be called Winchester drives. This term dates back to the 1960s, when IBM developed a high-speed hard disk drive that had 30M of fixed-platter storage and 30M of removable-platter storage. The drive had platters that spun at high speeds and heads that floated over the platters while they spun in a sealed environment. That drive, the 30-30 drive, soon received the nickname Winchester after the famous Winchester 0-30 rifle. After that time, drives that used a high-speed spinning platter with a floating head also became known as Winchester drives. The term has no technical or scientific meaning; it is a slang term, and is considered synonymous with hard disk.
A hard drive uses spinning disks with heads that move over the disks and store data in tracks and sectors. The mechanism for reading and writing data on a disk is called an access arm. A track is a concentric ring of information, which is divided into individual sectors that normally store 512 bytes each. The nearer to the circumference of the magnetic disk, the higher the track recording density can be made.
Hard disks usually have multiple platters, each with two sides on which data can be stored. Most drives have at least two or three platters, resulting in four or six sides, and some drives have up to 11 or more platters. The identically positioned tracks on each side of every platter together make up a cylinder. A hard disk drive normally has one head per platter side, and all the heads are mounted on a common carrier device, or rack. The heads move in and out across the disk in unison; they cannot move independently because they are mounted on the same rack.
The heads in most hard disks do not and should not touch the platters during normal operation. When the heads are powered off, however, they land on the platters as they stop spinning. While the drive is on, a very thin cushion of air keeps each head suspended a short distance above or below the platter. If the air cushion is disturbed by a particle of dust or a shock, the head may come into contact with the platter spinning at full speed. When contact with the spinning platters is forceful enough to do damage, the event is called a head crash. The result of a head crash may be anything from a few lost bytes of data to a totally trashed drive. Most drives have special lubricants on the platters and hardened surfaces that can withstand the daily "takeoffs and landings" as well as more severe abuse.
Magnetic drives, such as hard disk drives, operate by using electromagnetism. This basic principle of physics states that as electric current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field is generated around the conductor. This magnetic field then can influence magnetic material in the field. When the direction of the flow of electric current is reversed, the magnetic field's polarity also is reversed. An electric motor uses electromagnetism to exert pushing and pulling forces on magnets attached to a rotating shaft.
Another effect of electromagnetism is that if a conductor is passed through a changing magnetic field, an electrical current is generated. As the polarity of the magnetic field changes, so does the direction of the electric current flow. For example, a type of electrical generator used in automobiles, called an alternator, operates by rotating electromagnets past conductors in which large amounts of electrical current can be ced The two-way operation of electromagnetism makes it possible to record data on a disk and read that data back later.
The overwhelming majority of the data necessary to operate the hardware
d software of the computer is stored on the hard disk drive. The larger the capacity of the hard disk drive, the more data the computer can store. The storage capacity of hard drive is measured in megabytes, gigabytes, or
terabytes.
The flow of data to and from the hard disk is managed by a collection of electronic circuits called the hard disk controller. The controller can be built into the disk drive or it can be a separate board in an expansion slot. For personal computers two types of controllers are common, IDE and SCSI. Integrated drive electronics (IDE) controllers can operate one or two hard disk drives. Small computer system interface, or SCSI (pronounced SCSI), controllers can support multiple disk drives or mix of other SCSI-compatible devices.