- •Theme і
- •Points for Discussion
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Required Reading
- •Tasks and Exercises
- •Test Questions and Tasks
- •Theme іi
- •Vocabulary as a system
- •Points for discussion
- •Required Reading
- •Test Questions and Tasks
- •Theme іii morphemic structure of english and ukrainian words
- •Points for discussion
- •Required Reading
- •Test Questions and Tasks
- •Theme іv word-formation affixation. Conversion.Word-composition
- •Points for Discussion
- •Required Reading
- •Test Questions and Tasks
- •Theme V word-meaning
- •Points for Discussion
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Required Reading
- •Test Questions and Tasks
Test Questions and Tasks
А. Consider your answers to the following:
What is meant by the native element of English vocabulary?
How can you account for the fact that English vocabulary contains such an immense number of words of foreign origin?
Which conditions stimulate the borrowing process?
Why are words borrowed?
What stages of assimilation do borrowings go through?
Comment on the interrelation between native and borrowed elements.
What do we understand by etymological doublets?
What do we understand by international words?
In what spheres of communication do international words frequently occur?
B. Match the Ukrainian term with the corresponding English equivalent.
Native |
Інтернаціоналізми |
Borrowing |
Етимологічні дублети |
Translation loans |
Барбарізми |
Source of borrowing |
Асиміляція |
Origin of borrowing |
Запозичення |
Assimilation |
Кальки |
Barbarisms |
Походження слова |
Etymological doublets |
Джерело походження |
International words |
Власномовна лексика |
Theme іi
Vocabulary as a system
The aim is: to consider general characteristics of the English and Ukrainian word-stock at the present stage of its development and to analyse the systemic character of the vocabulary.
The tasks are:
to investigate some debatable points connected with the problem of the number of vocabulary units in English and Ukrainian;
to differenciate between the number of vocabulary units in Modern English word-stock and the number of vocabulary items in actual use;
to analyze structural and semantic peculiarities of new vocabulary units;
to determine different types of grouping;
to learn working definitions of principal concepts.
Points for discussion
1. General Characteristics of the English Word-Stock. Active and passive vocabulary. Development and replenishment of Modern English vocabulary. Obsolete words, archaisms, historisms, neologisms. Structural and semantic peculiarities of new vocabulary units. Number of vocabulary items in Modern English and their usage.
2. The systemic character of the English and Ukrainian vocabulary and the problem of its classification. Structural classification of lexicon (simple, derived, compound and compound derivatives). Stylistic classification of the vocabulary (neutral, literary, colloquial). Literary (terms, learned words, elevated words) and colloquial words and expressions (literary colloquial, familiar colloquial, low colloquial, folk speech or dialect, slang, argot). The opposition of emotionally coloured and emotionally neutral vocabulary.
3. Part-of-speech classification. Lexico-grammatical groups of words. Thematic and ideographic groups. The theory of semantic field. Lexico-semantic groups of words. Synonyms. Criteria of synonymy. Types of synonyms (ideographic, stylistic, absolute). The origin of synonyms. A concept of a synonymic dominant.
4. Antonyms. Morphological classification of antonyms (absolute or root antonyms, derivational antonyms). Semantic classification of antonyms(contradictories, contraries, incompatibles). Hypero-hyponymic relations between words. Word families. Notional words and form words.
Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
VOCABULARY |
the total word-stock of a language. |
SYSTEM
|
a set of elements associated and functioning together according to central laws. It’s a coherent homogeneous whole, constituted by interdependent elements of the same order related in certain specific ways. |
ADAPTIVE SYSTEM
|
a system constantly adjusting itself to the changing requirements and conditions of human communications and cultural surroundings. |
SET
|
a collection of definite distinct objects to be conceived as a whole. |
STRUCTURED SET
|
the number of its elements is greater than the number of rules according to which these elements may be constructed. |
FUZZY SET
|
the boundaries are not sharply delineated and the sets themselves are overlapping. |
EQUIVALENCE
|
the relation between two elements based on the common feature due to which they belong to the same set. |
LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL GROUP
|
a set of words with a common lexico-grammatical meaning, a common paradigm, the same substituting elements and possibly a characteristic set of suffixes rendering the lexico-grammatical meaning. A subset of the part of speech several lexico-grammatical groups constitute one part of speech. |
LEXICO-SEMANTIC GROUP |
lexical group consisting of the same part of speech covering one conceptual area. |
SEMANTIC FIELD |
part of reality singled out in human experience and covered in a language by a more or less autonomous lexical microsystem. |
SYNONYMS |
words that belong to the same part of speech, different in sound form but similar in their denotational meaning (or meanings) and interchangeable at least in some contexts. |
ANTONYMS
|
words belonging to the same part of speech, different in sound form characterized by different types of semantic contrast of the denotational meaning.
|
HYPONYMY |
semantic relationship of inclusion.
|
PARADIGM |
the system of the grammatical forms of a word.
|
CONNOTATION |
the pragmatic communicative value the word receives by virtue of where, when, how, by whom, for what purpose and in what context it is or may be used. The main types of connotations are: stylistic, emotional, evaluative and expressive (intensifying). |
ACTIVE VOCABULARY |
words which a person uses.
|
PASSIVE VOCABULARY |
words which a person understands.
|
OBSOLETE WPRDS |
are words that drop out of the language altogether.
|
ARCHAISMS |
when a word is no longer in general use but not absolutely obsolete.
|
HISTORISMS |
words denoting objects and phenomena which are things of the past and no longer exist.
|
NEOLOGISMS |
is any word or set expression, formed according to the productive structural patterns or borrowed from another language and felt by the speakers as something new.
|
SIMPLE WORDS |
their stem contains one free morpheme.
|
DERIVED WORDS |
their stem contains no less than two morphemes of which at least one is bound.
|
COMPOUND WORDS |
consist of no less than two free morphemes.
|
COMPOUND DERIVATIVES |
consist of two free morphemes and one bound referring to the whole combination.
|
EMOTIONALLY COLORED WORDS |
are words that convey or express emotion. |
INTENSIFIERS |
convey special intensity to what is said, indicate the special importance of the thing expressed.
|
EVALUATORY WORDS |
they can not only indicate the presence of emotion but also specify it.
|
EMOTIONALLY NEUTRAL WORDS |
express notions but do not say anything about the state of the speaker or his mood.
|
THEMATIC GROUPS |
include words belonging to the same part of speech united by one theme or topic.
|
IDEOGRAPHIC GROUPS |
words of different parts of speech united by one theme or topic.
|