3. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова, переведите эти слова на русский язык.

Enter, agreement, legal, manufacture, royalty, percentage, income, patent, usually, licensing, protect, counterfeiter, successful, quality, reputation, selling, strategy.

4. Выпишите из текста предложения, в которых встречаются модальные глаголы, переведите эти предложения на русский язык.

5. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

• What does a company sign if it cannot enter a foreign market?

• Who does it sign a licensing agreement with?

• What is a license?

• What right does a licensing agreement give to a firm that signs it?

• Does this company may pay any money to the licenser?

• What is royalty?

• What firms usually act as licensers?

• What do they protect themselves from?

• What does the license gain?

• Why does the licenser control the quality of the goods, which the licensee produces?

• What strategies does the licensee choose?

• Who knows the market better – the licenser or the licensee?

Тексты для перевода со словарем

Текст №1

Trade Exhibitions and Fairs

Trade fairs and exhibitions usually attract thousands of visitors and many potential buyers among them. So foreign trade associations of Russia never lose a chance to exhibit their products at international fairs and exhibitions both abroad and home. They help promote our goods to new markets and launch new products in the markets already developed.

A great deal of profitable business is done at commercial centers at the exhibitions: new contacts are made, new transactions are concluded, new orders are placed and new markets are established.

This work goes on after the exhibitions as well: enquiries are sent out for the goods our national economy requires and offers are made for the products; our new contacts are interested in.

There are traditional fairs and exhibitions that are held annually, for example, the Leipzig fair that is organized twice a year – in spring and in autumn in Germany, the Plodiv fair in Bulgaria, the Zagreb fair in Croatia or the Nizhegorodskaya fair in Nizhny Novgorod.

Also, there are fairs and exhibitions devoted to scientific achievements in this or that field of national economy. They are called accordingly: “Chemistry-2000”, “Information and Electronics”, “Building-1999”. About 2000 international fairs and exhibitions are held in various cities of Russia every year.

The chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation is responsible for organizing fairs and exhibitions in our country and arranging participation of our associations and enterprises in fairs and exhibitions abroad.

Текст №2

An Offer, its Kinds

An Offer (a quotation) is a statement by the Sellers usually in written form expressing their wish to sell the goods. But it is not a legal document, i.e. if the Sellers for this or that reason decide not tot sell, the Buyers have no legal remedy. An offer is only the first step in a contract.

Offers (quotations) will as a rule include the following information:

1. the description of the goods offered (their quality, quantity);

2. details of prices, discounts and terms of payment;

3. the date or the time and place of delivery.

There may be different kinds of offers.

Sometimes the Sellers may offer their goods to their regular customer without waiting for an enquiry or they may be forced to take the initiative under present competitive conditions and to send their quotation to those who may be interested in their goods. These are voluntary offers or sometimes they are called free offers. They were formerly called offers without obligation.

Then there are firm offers. A firm offer is a promise to supply goods on the terms stated (i.e. at a stated period of time). This promise may be expressed in a letter in the following words: “We make you a firm offer for delivery by the middle of May at the price quoted” or in some other qualifying words like”. The offer is subject to acceptance within fourteen days”, or ”The offer is open for acceptance until the fifteenth of January”.

According to the laws of the Russian Federation, the Sellers making a firm offer cannot withdraw it or change the terms offered before the stated time. According to English and American laws, the Sellers making a firm offer have the right to withdraw it at any time before it has been accepted.

Текст №3

Market Research

Before selling the goods, you must do a lot of market research first. The information needed can be obtained embassies of the Russian Federation, consulates, and trade representations, from the Chamber of Commerce and Industry and from the Institute for Scientific Market Research, from trade associations and trade journals or from specialized consultant companies (who will do a professional market research job for you for a fee).

The information you are interested in is if there is any demand for you goods, what the market potential is, what sort of competition you will meet, i.e. how the price of your goods compare e with other competitive products including those produced locally. Local conditions and preference, local trading customs and habits, what seasonal factors should be taken into account and the like.

But in general marketing covers not only market research, but also planning the selection (assortment) of goods, and consequently the production itself, price policy, advertising and promotion of sales, controlling the sales and post-sales servicing.

So marketing is a system of running all the business activities of a company (organization) in respect of coordinating supply and demand for the goods produced. Originally marketing was meant to help avoid over-production in advanced countries.

Advertising is an important means of promoting the goods that are being produced already as well as new lines in business.

There are specialized firms dealing with advertising. Different kinds of mass media – TV, radio, -newspapers, cinema, journals, magazines, and posters – are used for advertising goods. Special leaflets, booklets and other printed matter about the goods may be published for the same purpose.

Текст №4

The British Company Management

The management of the company is called the Board of Directors (not Managers headed by the Chairman, the President). There is usually a Managing Director and in the case of a big company there may be several Joint Managing Directors.

A Manager in British companies is the person who is the head of a department – Sales, Export, Works (Production), Staff etc. so there are Sales Manager, Export Managers, Works (Production) Managers, Staff Managers, etc.

A General Manager has mangers, working under his control, and receives his instruction from the Managing Director.

By British Company Law a limited company (public or private) must have a Company Secretary whose duties are plenty. First he is the clerk to the Directors: he is to keep registers of Directors and Members, arrange for proceedings at directors’ and shareholders’ meetings, prepare notices for the calling of these meetings, attend them and advise directors at board meeting on the legal, accounting and tax implications of any proposed business move as well as write minutes and reports (the minutes of a meeting are usually concise records of resolutions or decisions reached and the reports are more extensive and give details of desiccations, arguments for and against the resolutions and so on. Second he represents his company and in this capacity he supervises the working of the staff manager, he is often finally responsible for the accounting and handling of contracts. Thus he is the link between the company and the public.

The company Secretary must be a properly qualified person, and to be able to fulfill his routine duties well he is supposed to have training in company law, accountancy and many other subjects. He is expected to be part-lawyer, part-economist, part-administrator and part-accountant.

Проработав грамматический текстовый материал, Вы можете приступать к выполнению тренировочного теста. Предварительно проверьте себя, ответив на вопросы устно.

1. Какое действие описывают глаголы в Simple Past, Simple Future.

2. Проспрягайте глаголы to be, to have в Simple Past, Simple Future.

3. Назовите «слова-сигналы» (наречия времени), которые используются с глаголами в Simple Past, Simple Future.

4. Какие две группы смысловых глаголов существуют в английском языке?

5. Как образуется II форма правильных и неправильных глаголов?

6. Каковы особенности спряжения смысловых глаголов в Simple Past, Simple Future?

7. Какова структура предложения, в котором смысловой глагол стоит в Simple Past, Simple Future?

8. Как образуются вопросительные формы смысловых глаголов в Simple Past, Simple Future? Каковы особенности построения вопроса к подлежащему?

9. Как образуются отрицательные формы смысловых глаголов в Simple Past, Simple Future?

10. В каких ситуациях используется форма the Present Continuous Tense?

11. Какова формула образования the Present Continuous Tense?

12. Как образуются вопросительные и отрицательные формы глаголов в the Present Continuous Tense?

13. Назовите «слова-сигналы» (наречия времени), которые используются с глаголами в the Present Continuous Tense?

14. Приведите пример конструкции намерения осуществления действия (the Present Continuous Tense глагола to be с инфинитивом).

15. Как образуется причастие I (Participle I).

16. Какие функции может выполнять в предложении Participle I?

17. В каких ситуациях употребляется Present Perfect, Simple Past?

18. Каковы особенности спряжения глаголов в Present Perfect, Simple Past?

19. Как образуются вопросительные и отрицательные формы глаголов в Present Perfect, Simple Past?

20. Назовите основные модальные глаголы, используемые в английском языке.

21. Почему модальные глаголы иногда называют «дефектными»?

22. Как образуются вопросительные и отрицательные формы конструкций с модальными глаголами?

23. Составьте по памяти 2 мини-таблицы: a) употребление much, many, few (a few), little (a little); b) употребление местоимений some, any, no.