- •Unit 4 nuclear energy physics of nuclear energy
- •Match the words with their definitions:
- •Skim the text to check your ideas.
- •Physics of uranium and nuclear energy
- •Jumbled sentences. Arrange the sentences in the summary in a logical order.
- •2. Fill in the gaps with the proper active or passive form of the verb. Mind the Tenses.
- •Find and learn Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions:
- •Find and learn English equivalents for the following words and expressions:
- •Translate the following article from English into Russian.
- •Prepare a presentation on one of the following topics
- •1. Write a description of
- •Nuclear power reactors
- •1. Match the words with their definitions:
- •1. Before you watch, think about of the stages of creating energy by a nuclear reactor. What are they?
- •2. Skim the text to check your ideas.
- •Nuclear power reactors
- •Http://www.World-nuclear.Org/info/inf32.Html (updated March 2011)
- •Read the text carefully and answer these questions according to the information in the text.
- •Combine the following pairs of sentences into one using a participle.
- •Underline the correct participle floating nuclear power plants
- •Find and learn Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions:
- •Find and learn English equivalents for the following words and expressions:
- •Translate the following article from English into Russian. The Advantages of Nuclear Energy
- •Work in pairs and take it in turns to ask and answer these questions
- •Using the scheme describe how the reactor works
- •Match the words with their definitions:
- •Skim the text to check your ideas.
- •Pros and cons of nuclear energy
- •Generating Nuclear Power
- •System Analysis of a Nuclear Power Plant
- •Introspection
- •Japan - a Wake Up Call?
- •Read the text carefully and answer these questions according to the information in the text.
- •Fill in the gaps with the proper article if necessary Nuclear radiation - a risk?
- •Find and learn Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions:
- •Find and learn English equivalents for the following words and expressions:
- •Work in pairs and take it in turns to ask and answer these questions
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Translate the following article from English into Russian.
Uranium enrichment
The most common types of commercial power reactor use water for both moderator and coolant. Criticality may only be achieved with a water moderator if the fuel is enriched. Enrichment increases the proportion of the fissile isotope U-235 about five- or six-fold from the 0.7% of U-235 found in natural uranium. Enrichment is a physical process, usually relying on the small mass difference between atoms of the two isotopes U-238 and U-235. The enrichment processes in commercial use today require the uranium to be in a gaseous form and hence use the compound uranium hexafluoride (UF6). This becomes a gas at only 56oC under atmospheric pressure, but is readily contained in steel cylinders as a liquid or solid under pressure.
The two main enrichment (or isotope separation) processes are diffusion (gas diffusing under pressure through a membrane containing microscopic pores) and centrifugation. In each case, a very small amount of isotope separation takes place in one pass through the process. Hence repeated separations are undertaken in successive stages, arranged in a cascade. The product from each stage becomes feed for the next stage above, and the depleted material is added to the feed for the next stage below. The stages above the initial feed point thus become the enriching section and those below are the stripping section. Each stage thus has a double feed (enriched product from below and depleted product from above). Ultimately, the enriched product is about one sixth or one seventh the amount of depleted material, so that the product end of the cascade tends to have more stages. The depleted material, drawn off at the bottom of the stripping section, is commonly called tails and the residual U-235 concentration in the tails is the tails assay.
An extract from Bluebells and Nuclear Energy ,by Albert Reynolds, 1996,CogitoPress updated September 2010