F unctional Styles (y.M.Screbnev)

Formal           Informal

Publicist

Scientific

Literary colloquial

Familiar colloquial

Oratory

Official

low colloquial

Newspaper

Functional Styles (I.R.G.)

Belles

Letters

Publicist

Newspaper

Scientific

Style of Official Documents

 

Lg. of Emotive Prose

Lg. of Drama

Lg. of Poetry

The Belles-Lettres Style, its Substyles and its Peculiarities (I.R.Galperin)

a) Poetry

b) Emotive prose эмоциональная.экспрессивная проза

c) Drama

Aesthetic function is the main function of the belles-lettres. Other functions: educational, cognitive, informational, hedonistic (entertaining), evaluative.

Sub-styles of the belles-lettres style: poetry, prose, drama. Poetic genres [ʒɔŋrə]: ballad, ode, pastoral, ( пастораль (стихотворение или пьеса, изображающее жизнь и быт пастухов) sonnet, elegy, limerick (лимерик (шуточное стихотворение из пяти строк, где две первые рифмуются с последней; по названию города Лимерик в Ирландии);, epigram, etc.

Limerick There was an Old Man in a tree,

Who was horribly bored by a Bee;

When they said, 'Does it buzz?'

He replied, 'Yes, it does!'

'It's a regular brute of a Bee!'

Genres in prose: a story, a short story, a fable, a fairy tale, a novel, a novella, an essay, a biography, an autobiography, memoirs, letters, are the main genres.

Genres in drama: tragedy, drama, farce, satire, melodrama, fantasy, epic, dramatic monologue, dramatic dialogue. 

Artistic methods – classicism, romanticism, sentimentalism, realism, critical/social realism, modernism, etc.

The language means of this functional style are:

1.Genuine (not trite) imagery. (совокупность художественных приёмов (в речи, в литературном произведении)

2.Contextual (connotative meaning) prevailing over denotation.

3.The individual choice of vocabulary which reflects the author’s personal evaluation;

4.Lexical and syntactical idiosyncrasy. (индивидуальная или групповая отличительная особенность (характера, стиля) A peculiar individual selection of syntax and lexis;(лексикон)

5.The introduction of elements of other styles.

6.Colloquial language (in drama).

The Language of Poetry.

Its peculiarities are rhythm and rhyme.

Emotive prose.

Emotive prose is a combination of literary and colloquial variants of the language, being presented by the speech of the characters which is stylized that means it has been made “literature like” and some elements of conversational English were made use of. It would perhaps more exact to define emotive prose as a combination of the spoken and written varieties of the language. The emotive prose is a combination of monologue and dialogue. The substyle of emotive prose makes use of different EM and SD, but the imagery is not so rich as in poetry, the percentage of words with contextual meaning is not so high as in poetry.

The language of Drama is the language of plays mainly consisting of dialogues. The author’s speech is almost entirely excluded except for the playwright’s remarks and stage directions. (cценическая ремарка (в письменном или печатном варианте пьесы) Any presentation of a play is an aesthetic procedure.

The language of a play has the following peculiarities:

- It is stylized (retains the modus(cпособ) of literary English);

- It presents the variety of the spoken language;

- It has redundancy (избыточность) of information caused by the necessity to amplify (развивать (мысль)  вдаваться в подробности, излагать подробно, со всеми деталями) the utterance;

- Monologues are never interrupted;

- Characters’ utterances are much longer than in ordinary conversation.