Acute Cholecystitis

Among inflammatory diseases of bile ducts the most frequent is cholecystitis or the inflammation of the gallbladder. Cholecystitis is known to occur rarely in isolated condition, inflammatory processes both in the intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts, sometimes with the involvement of the liver being associated with it. The main forms of cholecystitis are the following: catarrhal, purulent and gangrenous.

The patient with cholecystitis is known to complain of intense pain, it being localized in the right hypochondrium and in the umbilical area. An attack of pain is usually preceded by physical and mental overstrain, sharp physical movements or abnormalities in diet, fatty food and alcohol being responsible for the onset of pain. But sometimes pain is observed to appear suddenly in quite healthy persons. Pain may radiate to the right shoulder, right arm, sternum, and lumber area, its intensity depending on the form of cholecystitis and the patient’s sensitivity. The pain grows much worse when the patient is lying on his right side.

Dryness in the mouth, vomiting, nausea, and constipation are the characteristic clinical manifestations of the disease.

During the attack of pain the face is moist with cold perspiration, the skin is pale, and the tongue and lips are dry. Even a slight palpation reveals severe tenderness, it being due to irritation of the peritoneum. Approximately in 40-50% of cases there is slight jaundice of sclerae. The biochemical blood analysis is known to reveal some changes, they resulting from the effect of toxic substances in the liver.

Purulent form of cholecystitis is highly dangerous to life and requires an emergency operation. An even more severe course is observed in gangrenous cholecystitis. Recovery is achieved by surgical treatment, it being followed by prolonged antibiotic therapy and chemotherapy.

V. Переведите текст “Blood Diseases” со словарем.

Blood Diseases

There are a great many diseases popularly called blood diseases when, strictly speaking, they are not. In blood-poisoning (septicemia), when it is really a generalized infection, the tissues reached by the blood, rather than the blood itself, react to the results of bacterial invasion. Even the diseases affecting the formed elements of the blood (anemia, for example) are more properly considered as diseases of the blood-forming or blood-destroying organs.

Since blood reaches all parts of the body, it mirrors and reflects disease anywhere in the body and must, by its very nature, carry along in it some of the evidence (основание, знак, признак, симптом) and results of this disease process. A long series of words ending in “emia” nicely reflects this fact; for example, uremia (urea in the blood) is the result of kidney trouble; glycemia (sugar in the blood) arises from the digestive system; bacteremia means bacteria in the blood.

Anemia signifies a decrease in the number of circulating red blood cells. It may be due to blood loss (open or hidden bleeding) or increased blood destruction (in the spleen), to faulty nutrition (e.g. lack of iron in the diet), poisons that depress the activity of the bone marrow, or other causes.

Polycythemia means an increase in the number of circulating red blood cells or in the iron content of these cells. Sometimes this is a compensation for high altitudes or other conditions that decrease the normal oxygen supply. True polycythemia, however, is the result of abnormal production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. In this condition the blood often becomes heavier and stickier than normal, flows more slowly, clots too readily. The patient’s face looks constantly flushed and slightly blue. Treatment includes irradiation of the bone marrow, bleeding, and the use of some drugs.

Leukemia, sometimes called cancer of the blood, is a disease, usually fatal, characterized by a great overgrowth of the tissues that form white blood cells. This overgrowth may occur in the lymph tissue or the bone marrow. The disease may progress slowly (chronic) or rapidly (acute). A great increase in the number of white blood cells is usually found, and there is also an increase in the undeveloped, immature forms of white blood cells. Some hopeful progress has been made in delaying the course of the disease with certain chemical substances.

Leukopenia means a decrease in the number of circulating white blood cells. Among its causes are chemical poisoning (agranulocytosis), sometimes from drugs; chronic tuberculosis; pernicious anemia; measles; and a variety of other infectious diseases.

Hemophilia is bleeder’s disease; a peculiar hereditary disease affecting males only but transmitted to them through their mothers. The bleeder’s blood lacks elements necessary for normal clotting; hence slight cuts or even a tooth extraction may result in excessive blood loss. Several royal families have been subject to hemophilia for many generations.

Purpura describes a variety of conditions in which spontaneous bleeding occurs beneath the skin, from mucous membranes, or into the joints. Small hemorrhages are called petechiae. Purpura occurs in many acute diseases, for example, scarlet fever and diphtheria; in scurvy (bleeding gums due to lack of vitamin C), anemia, and leukemia; and as the result of a decrease in the number of blood platelets.

Bone marrow, which makes blood, may be injured by heavy metal poisoning and some drugs, overdoses of X-ray, and tumours.

Тема раздела: The First Aid Station. The Ambulance Doctor.

Время изучения тем раздела: 6ч

Занятие 14

Тема: The First Aid Station. The Ambulance Doctor.

Грамматика: Perfect Continuous Tenses. Subjunctive Mood.

Время изучения темы: 3 часа

Цель: Научиться переводить тексты по специальности; вести беседу на базе изученных текстов; осуществлять профессионально-ориентированное общение, пользуясь изученным лексико-грамматическим материалом

Задачи:

1) выучить и тренировать активную лексику

2) тренировать грамматические модели

3) тренировка навыков аналитического и информативного чтения, перевода, устного высказывания

4) научиться применять полученные знания на практике

I. Class Assignments

1. (a) Supply words and word combinations having close meaning to the following:

preventive, to rise, about five months, to radiate to, to involve, acute, to result in, to determine, lesion, entire

(b) Supply words of the opposite meaning:

to elevate, to recover, to diminish, approximately, dry, empty, sharp, base, to doubt the diagnosis

2. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate tense of the Indefinite (Simple) group. Translate the sentences:

1) Products of protein fat, and carbohydrate digestion (to be absorbed) from the gastrointestinal tract by the liver in which they (to undergo) further chemical processes.

2) The liver (to destroy) toxic substances which usually (to be formed) in the intestinal tract as well as some poisons which (to enter) the body from without.

3) Jaundice (to be known) to be the disease which (to be due to) the presence of a large amount of bilirubin in the blood and tissues.

3. Choose the appropriate form of the Infinitive. Translate the sentences:

1) The patient was known … stool retention accompanied by nausea a month before his present admission to the hospital (a. to have; b. to have had; c. to be having).

2) Sensitivity to antibiotics was reported … not only in this patient but in all the other members of the family as well since their early age (a. to be present; b. to have been present).

3) Prophylactic vaccination was found … since no cases of hepatitis were diagnosed after its administration (a. to be effective; b. to have been effective).

4) Skin irritation was revealed … after each parenteral administration of this preparation … (a. to occur; b. to have occurred; c. to be occurring).

4. Make up sentences of your own using each of the given words first as a subject, and then as an attribute:

heart, blood, lymph, serum, nerve

5. 1) Read the text. 2) Entitle it. 3) Answer the question: Why is probing with radio-pill used?

Text

It is common knowledge how difficult it is to examine the gastrointestinal tract. Ling rubber tubes are used and the process of probing is known to cause the patient much discomfort. It gives only limited possibilities for the examination of the stomach and none at all for the intestine. Usual physiological methods are often ineffective for studying many important processes in the human intestine.

But a small electronic instrument called a radio-pill helps the physician in this matter. It is a small tube less than two cm long and only some millimeters in diameter. A very small transistor – transmitter is inside the tube.

The Patient swallows this radio-pill which passes along the gastrointestinal tract sending information on pressure, temperature, gastric secretion, the level of acidity, etc., thus helping the physician to reveal all the pathologic changes.

II. Самостоятельная работа. (Home Assignment)

1. Напишите глаголы, используя указанные суффиксы. Полученные слова переведите:

-ize: general, local, sterile, character

-en: thick, wide, deep, strength

2. Определите, какой союз опущен. Предложения переведите:

1) When the urinalysis was ready the physician received all the findings he had insisted on.

2) The surgeon considered the appendix had to be removed immediately because its rupture might cause peritonitis.

3) Almost everything the physician had determined by physical methods of examination was confirmed by laboratory findings.

4) In all the patients except the one the cardiologist has not yet examined the diagnosis of cardiac insufficiency was made.

3. Выберите нужную форму причастия для самостоятельного причастного оборота. Предложения переведите:

1) The abdominal pain … by nausea and vomiting of 20 hours’ duration, the patient was hospitalized for an emergency surgery (a. accompanied; b. being accompanied; c. having accompanied; d. having been accompanied).

2) There … permanent dryness in the mouth, nausea, and constipation, the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis may be suggested (a. being; b. been; c. having been).

3) The severity of jaundice … , a considerably elevated amount of bilirubin was found in the blood on the following analysis (a. increasing; b. being increased; c. having increased; d. having been increased).

4) The postoperative course was smooth for a week, no recurrence of bleeding … (a. observed; b. being observed; c. having observed; d. having been observed).

4. Переведите, используя самостоятельный причастный оборот (письменно):

1) Когда врач пальпировал печень, болезненность отмечалась на три пальца ниже реберного края.

2) Иногда желчнокаменная болезнь сопровождается осложнениями, причем развитие холецистита является наиболее частым.

5. 1) Прочтите текст “Jaundice”. 2) Скажите, при каких заболеваниях может наблюдаться желтушность. 3) Выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

принимают желтоватую окраску, сильный зуд, в запущенных случаях, обычное осложнение