PROHIBITION
THE EARLY PROHIBITION MOVEMENT IN THE U.S.
Task 1. Read and translate the texts into Russian. Complete the following text with following words and expressions:
temperance movements, distillation of alcohol abuse, intoxicating drink, use of fermented drink, American Civil War, consumption of absolute alcohol, pure alcohol per person, more than 100,000 saloons, "drunkard-making business", repeated and futile efforts ", used by everybody, repudiated by nobody "
ban - запрет
intoxicating - хмельной
extension - расширение, распространение
Temperance Movement - движение за введение "сухого
закона"
consumption - потребление
integrity - целостность
vital - важный, насущный
fermented drink - напиток, полученный путем брожения
alcohol abuse — злоупотребление алкоголем futile - бесполезный, напрасный discourage - препятствовать
repudiate - отказываться
slay - уничтожать
curse - бедствие
incidence - степень, доля
per capita - на душу населения
precede - предшествовать
repeal - аннулировать, отменять
restraint - ограничение; сдерживание
competitive - конкурентный, конкурентоспособный
Minor - несовершеннолетний
Prohibition is .1 !<•<•.il km on ||ц- manufacture and sale of
_____________; by rxIriiMon. Ilic icmii also denotes lho:,r period1.
in history when surli bans have been in (out, as well as the political and social movements advocating them. Such
movements (also called____________) have occurred whenever
Mi'iiilicaiil numbers of people have believed that the consumption of alcoholic beverages presented a serious threat to the integrity of their most vital institutions, especially the institution of the family. Drunkenness is considered an evil in most of the world's major religious traditions, and Islam has for centuries forbidden
even the moderate_____________. In the West, however, efforts
to ban the consumption of alcohol have been a relatively recent phenomenon.
Their origin can be traced to the apparently rapid spread of
the technology of____________in 18th-century Europe, which
alarmed those concerned with public health and morals. In England and the American colonies, governments after 1750
made___________to discourage the excessive use of distilled
spirits. In the mid-19th century Abraham Lincoln said that
intoxicating liquor was______________ and that it came forth
in society "like the Egyptian angel of death, commissioned to slay if not the first, the fairest born in every family." By the 1820s people in the United States were drinking, on the average,
27 liters (7 gallons) of__________each year, and many religious
and political leaders were beginning to see drunkenness as a national curse. Many people believed a close relationship existed between drunkenness and the rising incidence of crime, poverty, and violence, concluding that the only way to protect society from this threat was to abolish the__________. The first state prohibition law, passed in Maine in 1851, prohibited the manufacture and sale of "spiritous or intoxicating liquors" not intended for medical or mechanical purposes, and 13 of the 31 states had such laws by 1855. By that time the annual per capita
___________had fallen to about 8 liters (about 2 gallons).
The political crisis that preceded the ___________
distracted attention from Prohibition. Many of the early state laws were modified, repealed, or ignored, and for years few restraints were placed on manufacturing or selling anything alcoholic. The population increased rapidly after the Civil War, and soon there
were______________in the country (about 1 for every 400
men, women, and children in 1870); these saloons became increasingly competitive for the drinkers' wages. Thus, many of them permitted gambling, prostitution, sales to minors, public drunkenness, and violence.
Task 2. Read and translate the text into English
Джон Дэвисон Рокфеллер - первый миллиардер в мировой истории
представительство - branch
бедствовать - live in poverty
уходить на вольные хлсПл -Ixvonu- livrulirclmj',
бухгалтерия - bookkeeping
Первым в истории не только США но и всей планеты официальным миллиардером стал Джон Денисом Рокфеллер, американский бизнесмен и основатель огромной империи, которая в последующем раскинула свои представительства по всему миру. Сегодня Рокфеллер, несметные сокровища и огромное богатство стали практически синонимами. Но как же все-таки все начиналось?
Родился Джон Рокфеллер - 8 июля 1839 года в семье немецких эмигрантов, которая не имела огромных денег, хотя и не бедствовала. Вместе с тем основным правилом семьи Рокфеллеров было — «работай и экономь». Сам Рокфеллер после окончания школы поступает в колледж но вскоре его бросает и проходя небольшие курсы бухгалтерии устраивается на работу. На работе Джон долго не задерживается и уже через год с небольшим скандалом уходит на вольные хлеба. Дело в том, что после практики ему предложили заработную плату в 3 раза меньше чем его коллегам-бухгалтерам. Собственно, вся история жизни Рокфеллера до начала занятия бизнесом является типичной для того времени.
Task 3. Read and translate the text into Russian. Find the correct variant of the answer
break out - разразиться, вспыхнуть
transitory - временный
hostility - враждебность
marshal - вовлекать
chapter - отделение, филиал
endorse - рекомендовать
public office - государственное учреждение
outnumber - превосходить численно
in excess of- более чем
submit - представлять на рассмотрение
THE ANTI-SALOON LEAGUE
In reaction (1) this, the extraordinary "Women's War" broke out across the nation in 1873. Thousands of women marched from church meetings to saloons, where with prayer and song they (2) —with transitory results—that saloonkeepers (3) their businesses. By 1900, millions of men and women were beginning to share this hostility toward the saloon and to regard it as the most dangerous social (4) then threatening the family. The Anti-Saloon League of America (ASL), organized (5) Ohio, effectively marshaled such people into political action. State chapters of the ASL endorsed candidates for public office and demanded of their state governments that the people be allowed to vote yes or no on the question of continuing to license (6) saloons.
By 1916, no less than 23 of the 48 states had adopted antisaloon laws, which in those states closed the saloons and prohibited the manufacture of any alcoholic beverages. Even more significant, the national elections of that (7) returned a U.S. Congress in which the ASL - supported dry members (those who (8) Prohibition) outnumbered the wet members (those who were
against Prohibition) by more than two to one. (9) December 22, 1917 Congress submitted to the states the 18th Amendment to the Constitution, which prohibited "the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating (0)." By January 1919 ratification was complete, with 80 percent of the members of 46 state legislatures recorded in approval.
1. a. for
2. a. wept
3. a. look for
4. a. academy
5. a. in
6. a. the
7. a. week
8. a. condemned
9. a. for 0. a. nuts
b. to
c. in
d. at
b. begged c. demanded d. cried
b. put on
c. take off
b.institution c. office
b. on
b. a
b. year
b. collaborated
b. to
b. burgers
c. under
c. an
c. day
c. supported
c. on
c. seeds
d. give up d. department d. at d. -
d. month d. criticized d. at d. liquors
Task 4. Read and translate the text into Russian. Make sentences with a bold word. Find 3 synonyms for this word.
PROHIBITION IN OTHER COUNTRIES
accelerate - ускорять, убыстрять
rally - объединять, сплочать
deadly foe - злейший враг
vote out - провалить (проект)
drinking establishments - питейные заведения
profit motive - стимул к получению прибыли
competition - конкуренция
outlaw - объявлять незаконным
At this (1) point in history, most Protestant nations had come to regard drinking as a social (2)evil, and the Prohibition movement was being accelerated by the circumstances of World War I. While rallying British workers to increase their productivity in support of the war (3)effbrt, Prime Minister David Lloyd George stated that "we are fighting Germany, Austria, and drink; and, as far as I can see, the greatest of these three deadly (4)foes is drink." Soon the British government limited the sale of alcoholic drink to a few early evening hours. In Scotland, the citizens of towns and villages had the right (local option) to vote out drinking (5)establishrnents after 1920.
In Sweden, where the movement had been (6)strong since the 1830s, the government abolished both the profit motive and the competition from the liquor (7)traffic after 1922 by nationalizing it. An even harsher (S)measure there restricted sales to 1 liter (about 1 qt) per family per week. In Norway, voters outlawed the sale of drinks with an alcoholic (9)content of more than 12 percent by referendum in 1919. That same year the Finnish government (O)banned the sale of any drink of more than 2 percent alcohol. Canada was then dry in all provinces.
Task 5. Read and translate the text into English