Vygotsky describes meaning as the unity of generalization, communication and thinking.

Phonographical 123-135 Galperin- notes

Kukharenko- 10-22

Poem

The cataract at Lodore (Robert Southey)

Dividing and gliding and sliding,

And falling and brawling and sprawling,

And diving and riving and striving,

And sprinkling and twinkling and wrinkling,

And sounding and bounding and rounding,

And bubbling and troubling and doubling,

And grumbling and rumbling and tumbling,

And clattering and battering and shattering,

Retreating and beating and meeting and sheeting,

Delaying and straying and playing and spraying,

Advancing and prancing and glancing and dancing,

Recoiling, turmoiling and toiling and boiling,

And gleaming and streaming and steaming and beaming,

And rushing and flushing and brushing and gushing,

And flapping and rapping and clapping and slapping,

And curling and whirling and purling and twirling,

And thumping and plumping and bumping and jumping

And dashing and flashing and slashing and clashing,

And so-never ending, but always descending

Sound and motions forever and ever are blending

All at once and over, with a mighty uproar

And this way the water comes down at Lodore.

Metonymical repetition.

A peculiar device where words are used in their direct meaning but they apply ideas which are not expressed directly. A writer selects some limited number of words and goes on repeating them. (E.Heminghuway –the short happy life of Fracis Mccombat- the writer selects several words- to smile, to say, to look in some paragraph- he smiled at her now and she looked away from his face. Heres to the line Rob Wills said. He smiled at her again, and not smiling he looked curiously at her husband “ let’s not talk about the line”-she said. Willson looked over at her without smiling and now she smiled at him.) Reading such a fragment the reader begins to understand what these verbs stand for and what feelings are meant. These words are peculiar substitutes for the names of the real feelings. That’s why it’s a sort of metonymical description.

Parallel constructions.

They’re specifically arranged utterances which are also based on the principal of the repetition but in this case it’s a repetition of the syntactical pattern. E.g.” I wake up and I’m alone and I walk round the place and I’m alone, I talk with people and I’m alone and I look at his face when I’m at home and it’s dead”. In this utterance we observe the repetition of the following structure I+verb, I’m alone. So this repetition of the pattern is combined with lexical repetition, it’s very effective as it gives intensification and emphasis to some parts of the fragment. It brings emotiveness and expressiveness to its end. PC may be partial and complete, complete parallel arrangements also called balance. It’s very typical of poetry while in prose we have partial repetition. E.g. the day is cold and dark and dreary. It rains and the wind is really dreary. … dark and weary.

Partial repetition has modification in the syntactical pattern, not a very sudden modification, but mild through which we recognize the basic pattern. E.g. “Fr Mcc was very tall, very well built, dark his hair cropped rather thin and was considered handsome. He was dressed in the same sort of safari clothes that Wilson wore. Except that his were new. He was 35 years old, kept himself very fit, was good at court games, had a number of big game fishing records and had just shown himself very publicly to be a coward”

the fragment is any example of another stylistic device which is called cumuliation.

C looks like this: a paragraph is arranged on the principal of syntactical parallelism, actually the author selects one or two syntactical pattern. The fragment is semantically connected and develops one and the same topic, more and more details are added and then all of a sudden at the end the last sentence falls out of the topic. Semantically it’s alien and it produces a shock. Cumuliation is a sticking example of the principle of defeated expectancy.