1. Stone age on the territory of Kazakhstan. Divisions into periods, archaeological monuments. Main characteristics.The term "Stone Age" was used by archaeologists to designate this vast pre-metallurgic period. It is the first age in the three-age system. The subdivision into the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods that still is in use today, was made by John Lubbock in his now classic 1865 book Pre-historic Times.The Paleolithic (The term Paleolithic derives from Greek: palaios, "old"; and, lithos, "stone", literally meaning "old age of the stone" or "Old Stone Age.") Age, Era, or Period, or Old Stone Age, is a broad prehistoric time period during which humans widely used stone for toolmaking (and covers roughly 99% of human technological history).Paleolithic: Early (lower) - 800-140 thousand years BC At that time people appeared on the territory of Kazakhstan. The earliest human remains found in Kenya (Africa), where the oldest person ("skillful people") was found. Ancient people of Kazakhstan - a contemporary of pithecanthropus (found on the island of Java) and sinantropus (found in China). The oldest people are similar to monkeys - gatherers. Main information about the ancient culture of people give the stone tools (river gravel). Tools: chopper, choppling, rubilo, otschepy. In the early Paleolithic primitive stage appeared - the association for the joint defense, attack, hunting and gathering. The first stop (stand, стоянка) on the territory of Kazakhstan was found in the area of the spine Karatau (Southern Kazakhstan). Middle Paleolithic (Must) - 140-40 thousand years BC People of this period - contemporary Neanderthals - which has been found in Germany. Tools - scraping knife (strickle). Origin religious beliefs. Late (top) Paleolithic - 40-12 thousand years BC A modern type of man - "reasonable man". Fossil remains of "reasonable man" (kromanontsa) is found in France. Tools: - scrapers knife, cutters, harpoons, darts, prokolki. Animals: Mammoth. Tribal community appeared. There is an art. Mesolithic (12-5 thousand years BC): The climate change of Mesolithic age led to the rise of the temperature on the earth surface. It caused some changes in flora and fauna. Mammoths completely diappeared. The characteristic features of Mesolithic age: a wide use of bows and arrows, application of auxiliary techniques to make tools for labour and increase of population density. The development of methods to satisfy domestic demands resulted in some regions in tilling and cattle-breeding, whereas in other regions fishing, raising crops and hunting. Technology of making labour tools underwent significant changes in the Mesolithic age. The characteristic features of that time are: a wide use of bows and arrows: application of the auxiliary techniques in making tools - which made "man's hand lengthened" -and increase of people density.

2) Bronze Age Stone age on the territory of Kazakhstan. Divisions into periods, archaeological monuments. Main characteristics.The Bronze Age is the period between VII-V centuries B.C. and the end of the III millennium B.C., characterized by the formation of highly-developed metallurgy, cattle-breeding and agriculture, turning to the production process a house-keeping, collapsing of tribe communities.Nowadays there are more than 30 settlements and more than 150 burial mounds there. The archaeological culture of Central Kazakhstan in the Upper Bronze Age is called Begdhazy-Dandybay culture. As the basic material was an alloy of copper with tin, this period is called by archaeologists as Bronze Age. By bronze was made various tools - hoes, sickles, guns, jewelry. All of these local groups were largely similar, which will allow a new archaeological culture - andronovsk. Andonov people - is related by birth, anthropological, linguistic warehouse, on the economic and cultural life of the tribes. As evidenced by archaeological data andronovtsy overwhelmingly led sedentary lives. Sign of andronovsk culture is a hand-molding manufacturing kitchenware, which was flat with the complex geometric patterns, specific forms of metal jewelry (earrings made of gold leaf). In the Central Kazakhstan discovered more than 30 settlements and over 150 cemeteries. Examples of first towns of Bronze Age on the territory of Kazakhstan can be a settlement Arkaim (18-16), Kent and other. During the middle Bronze changed house building, the organization of settlements. Bronze Age tribes formed the original layer, through which the culture of early nomads was formed. There were felt nomad tent (kibitki) suited for nomadic. Centers of ancient metallurgy was in Eastern and Central Kazakhstan. "Kaylovanie", the method of flame penetration. There have been significant changes in the organization of public life. Matriarchy turned to patriarchy. The primeval attitude gradually decompose, increasing property differentiation. This is evidenced by the burial of his anthropological andronov warehouse. Andronovtsy worshiped the sky, the sun, the sacred flame, believed in the afterlife, there existed a cult of ancestors, a tradition funeral, a ritual sacrifice. There is a custom ban - taboo. Have been sufficiently developed religious representations. In andronov society to replace the generic collective ownership of property has a separate family. The tribes of the Bronze Age spoke on Indo-Iranian. On the territory of Kazakhstan, jewelry art emerged in the 2 thousand BC Complex system of representations of the afterlife andronovtsev reflect the cult of the dead. An important part of the celebration of spring equinox is the first slot, a right granted to the king. An example is the complex domestic settlement Tasty-Butakov in western Kazakhstan. In eastern Kazakhstan andronovsk's monuments of culture are found in the valleys of the rivers Irtysh, Kurchum in the Altai and Tarbagatae. In southern Kazakhstan, found concentrations of rock paintings and Tamgaly in Karatau. The middle Bronze monuments were found in Semirechje -cemetery Karakuduk, in the region of Karatau - Tautary cemetery. In the lower reaches of the Syr-Darya in the Aral area attractions are open late Bronze - Tegiskana mausoleum.

3) Saks tribal unity (location, economy, culture, social organization).

Since the beginning of 2 millennium BC in Kazakhstan were Aryan tribes. In the 1 st millennium BC their successors have been Saks. Names of Saks tribes and tribal groups appeared in Persian sources. In the work of Greek authors they can be met with the name "Skiffs", which was widely used as a synonym of the word "nomads'. In the sources Tigrakhaud Saks (with cone-shaped caps), Khaomovrag Saks (khaoma drink producers), Paradaraiya Saks (inhabited the lake and river sides) were called the Saks. According to Herodotus, who is the principal source of information on these events, the Scyths (or at least some of them) claimed to have migrated from the Altai Mountains at the eastern extreme of the Western Steppe. Greek and Latin sources mentioned the names of tribes: Massagets between the Syr Darya and Amu Darya, savromaty (later Sarmatians) - to the west of Kazakhstan, as well as issedony, argipeyi, sarakauly Saki and others were worthy rivals of the mighty powers as a Persian Aheminid's state, Assyria, Urartu. Saks played an important role in world politics of that time; they were active participants in historical events. They fought on the side of the Persians in the Greco-Persian wars. In an era of Saks cattle-breeding economy finally formed. Saks's society was not homogeneous. At its highest stage were "kings", he has considerable power, they address the issues of war and peace, sent ambassadors, entering into alliances, led the troops. There was "royal" clan, whom were hereditary rulers. Important role in society played Saks military aristocracy. The main role in the management of the society played an ancestral ruler, each Saks man was free and a full-fledged person. Clusters of Saks graves found on the shores of Talas, Chu, Ili, in the foothill areas of Kyrgyz, Zaili and Jungar Alatau. The most famous monument - the Issyk Kurgan, located on 50 km east of Almaty in the foothills of Zailisk Alatau in 1969 - was found buried "Golden Man", dated V century BC. Saks culture has reached a high degree of development. The main component in the art of Saks was "savage style", established in the VII - VI century BC. There are images of various animals, which decorated household items, clothing, utensils, and weapons.

4) Huns in the history of Central Asia (location, economy, social organization, political history).

Hunnu first mentioned in written sources referred to 822 BC. In 209 BC Mode declared himself as a leader and started to work actively to create hunns state. The war between hunnu and China ceased to 188y BC Han (China) troops was defeated. In 47 BC hunnu because of the strife divided into two parts - north and south. The first take citizenship of Chinese empire, the second retained independent. Ghuns were a nomadic pastoralist people who invaded southeastern Europe c. AD 370 and during the next seven decades built up an enormous empire there and in central Europe. Appearing from beyond the Volga River some years after the middle of the 4th century, they first overran the Alani, who occupied the plains between the Volga and the Don rivers, and then quickly overthrew the empire of the Ostrogoths between the Don and the Dniester. About 376 they defeated the Visigoths living in what is now approximately Romania and thus arrived at the Danubian frontier of the Roman Empire. They were apparently primitive pastoralists who knew nothing of agriculture. As warriors the Huns inspired almost unparalleled fear throughout Europe. In 445 of Attila became the sole ruler. Attila the first blows struck the Eastern Roman Empire, which forced to pay for 448 of the annual tribute. Then, combining the Germanic tribes' geruls, Ostrogoths and gepids, started a war against the Western Roman Empire. The battle occurred in 451 of the two armies, the defeat of Attila ceased, but in the next year, his troops came to Rome and forced the emperor to flee the capital. After the death of Attila in 453 hunnus power collapsed. Hunnu were well-organized army. It is based on mobile cavalry. There was a private family ownership of livestock. Materials excavations indicate wealth inequality. Each hunnus clan owned strip of land, which led economy. Mountains, forests were considered common property and were used by individual deliveries. Hunnu, like other nomads of Eurasia, lived in yurts (nomad's tent), winter shelters. Hunnus clothes were made mostly of leather and wool. The main role in the hunnus economy played cattle-breeding. The hierarchy of officials was very cumbersome and complex. Totally in public administration were 24 senior officials. Hunnu had code of law. For example: In hunnu society for the violation of military discipline and the avoidance of military service the death penalty was fixed.

5) Usuns in the history of Kazakhstan (location, economy, social organization, political history).Political structure of usuns. At the end of the first millennium BC in the Zhetysu, state placed on Tien Shan and Tarbagatay is known from Chinese sources, as the "Usuns Country". Usuns originally lived in the area of the river Danhe, but in III. BC were forced to move on Mongolia, and after a series of defeats inflicted on them by hunnu in Semirechje and Dzhungariyu. Here usuni, recognizing the dependence of the Huns, was founded in 177 BC own state. In 53 BC Usun has broken into two parts. At the head of state was the governor, which had the title kunbek - "a great governor" passed the throne to inherit. Since 53 BC, when the state was divided, there were appeared independent from each other rulers: great kunbek and small kunbek. Here were two great military leader and ruler of the three parts, called princes. Since the beginning of creation, usuns state was dependent on hunnu, but quickly managed to be free and became one of the strongest states of the region. Hunnu beginning in the 80-m BC raids on the eastern borders of the state, but after a long struggle suffer defeat against the combined forces of usuns and China. After that Zhetysu connection with the Celestial Empire further strengthened. Further history of usuns full of internecine wars. However, after the collapse of the empire north usuney Hunnu relationship with her deteriorated. This led to a rapprochement with China usuney, in alliance with that in 36 BC was carried out campaign against the northern hunnu. In the 30-ies of the relationship between great and small kunbeks again worsened. Both ownership virtually lost autonomy and de facto ruled by the Chinese governors. In the II century AD usuns power permanently isolated from China. Frequent raids of Zhuzhans forced Usun tribes to move from Zhetysu plains, to the Tien Shan. At the beginning of V century usuns name finally gone from the pages of historical chronicles. It remains to add that ethnonym "usun" survived for this day. One of the Kazakhs families of the Senior Zhuz called "uysun".Ancient usuns in Zhetysu breeded different kinds of animals. There were developed horse breeding. Along with developing pastoral farming. The existence of private land tenure is a confirmation in written sources.

6) Turks in the history of Eurasia. Turkic and Western Turkic Khanates (politic and social history, economy).Ancient Turkic Empire covered the territory from the Pacific Ocean to the Black Sea. At that period the ethnic environment began to change - Turkic-speaking tribes became powerful. The centre of the formation of Turkic culture was Altai. The term Turk' appeared in manuscripts in the second part of the VI century.In 552y a new character' - Turkic Khanate - came to the social stage of Central Asia. It was found by Bumyn kagan. Turkic khanate changed to a predominant force of Central Asia in the time of the ruler Mukhan-khagan (553-572). It turned into a large state of the Medieval Times in a short period. Reaching its prosperity the state occupied the vast expanses of the region - Mongolia, along the Baikal, particularly the upper current of Yenisey and the upper current of Amu Darya in the south. However, it's not easy for a state to retain the vast territory. The circumstances in Turkic khanate, such as the complication of political controversies, squabbles within many years, a severe famine, the Chinese plunge into the khanate frontier resulted in the division of all Turkic khanate into two independent East and West khanates in 603. The centre of the latter was Suyab (Zhetysu) and the summer residence of Minbulak. The first person in the Western Turks was Kagan - overlord, ruler of the army. Kagans power transmitted by inheritance, he led all internal and foreign affairs, was manager of all lands. There marital slavery. The bulk of the population consisted of free common-pastoralists. In 630-634 years Kaganat lost their ownership Central to the west of the Syr Darya, the State entered into a crisis whose primary cause was pressure from the exterior and the struggle for power of tribal alliances. Hostility in the Western Turkic khanate, a war ruse of the Chinese Emperor, who tried to build up hegemony in Zhetysu, had an effect on the weakening and becoming unnoticeable khanate. A new power - Tyrgeshes appeared in the khanate.

7)Turgeshes and Kharlukhs in the history of Kazakhstan (location, economy, social organization, political history).Tyrgesh khanate was formed having Talas and Suyab as the capital cities. At the beginning of VII century Kagan Ushlik brings its stake in Suyab and divide the whole territory of Kaganate in 20 areas - "tutuk". In each area, there were up to 7 thousand farms. Large rate Kagan was in Suyab and small - in the city Kungute valleys of the Ili River. Ushlik conclude an alliance with China and Soghd and twice defeated Arabs under Paikend and Bukhara. Only factions between turgeshes and Soghdies allowed the Arabs to retreat and avoid a complete rout. However, this success was brief. In 708, in Turgeshs Khanate internecine war had started, which enabled the Arabs to resume the offensive in the Central Asia and in 711 captured Samarkand. In 713 the Arabs captured the city of Khujand, Ferghana, and tried to get hold of Tashkent, and in 715 was to penetrate into East Turkestan. However, Arabic expansion was again halted turgeshes that in the same 715y. cleared from the occupants Ferghana, and in 717 was kagan Suluk managed to regain its former strength Kaganate. In 724 of turgeshi supported a rebellion in Soghd and started a guerrilla war against the Arabs. However, in 737 peace with China had been violated, and Suluk had to wage war on two fronts. In 738 of the leader Sarah-turgeshey Baga-Tarkhan killed Suluk and tried to seize power. Using intestine war between turgeshes, the Arabs managed to complete the conquest of Soghd, crush resistance of Samarkand, Tashkent and Otrar and 738 of the firm to set its border with turgeshes. Resumed the Chinese offensive, which in 748 destroyed Suyab. Two army: Arabic and Chinese, met at 751 in a river Talas. Battle lasted five days and ended with the victory of the Arabs. The Chinese were expelled from Zhetysu, but the Arabs were forced to retreat because of the frequent rebellions in conquered Soghd. In 759 of the power in Zhetysu turned to other Turkic tribe - Karluks. KARLUK KHANATE - was established in 766 over all the Turgesh lands except western Kasakhstan, whose tribesmen allied themselves with the Oguz state (in what is now Turkmenistan). At its origin the Karluk state went from Kashgaria to the middle course of the Syr Darya. It continued to expand, so that by the tenth century it also encompassed the area between lakes Issyk-Kul and Balkhash as well as the Ili, Chu and Talas river valleys. Under the Karluks the first large cities were built in the steppe, including Taraz, Isfijab (renamed Sairam), and Farab (renamed Otrar). In 940 the Karluks lost a dynastic struggle to the Karakhanid family, who ruled the steppe for another two hundred years.

8) Oghuz state in the history of Kazakhstan (location, economy, social organization, political history).

The Oghyz state founded in the IX-X centuries in the middle and lower parts of Syr darya and adjoining lands of Western Kazakhstan closely connected with the territory of Kazakhstan. Capital was Yangikent lying at the crossroads of important caravan routes. The formation of Oghyz ethnic community was a difficult and long process. At the beginning Oghyz community was established in Zhetysu; however, moving to the west it expanded including the nomad population of Western Kazakhstan.After the continuous battles in the IX century Oghyz leaders joined Khazar khanate and defeated the Pecheneks of ancient Turkic tribes, which inhabited the surroundings of Aral and steppes of Western Kazakhstan, and took the hegemony. Oghyz state was an ethno-feudal society from early times. Governing institutes, developed from military-democratic structure, were preserved there, and military-tribal council of aristocrats limited the zhabgu (king) power. Oguz Head of State was the supreme ruler, whom had title "dzhabgu". Leader Oguz troops wore the title of "syubashi". In a state composed of tribes iarluki, Karluks, simurs, haladns, dnagars and others. The initial kernel of Oguz group formed in Zhetysu, but in the process of movement to the west, it has been supplemented by the nomadic and half-settled population of southern and western Kazakhstan. The most compact, they lived in the Aral Sea region in the North Caspian region, in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya. Ethnic composition Oguz state was checkered, it was composed of many Iranian and Turkic-speaking tribes. Beginning of their power were 90-s IX century. They then destroyed nomadic Pechenegs lived in the Aral and Caspian region. This struggle between Pechenigs and Oguzes lasted more than a hundred years. Under pressure of Oguzes and their allies the Khazar Kaganate, Pechenegs moved on the Black Sea, where in the X century shook their incursions Kiev Rus and Byzantium. When in 965y. together with the Kievan prince Svyatoslav, defeated Khazar Kaganat - Turkish State, which took top Jewish religion and that a few centuries successfully confront the Arabs and Byzantium, Kievan Rus and Oguz Power. In 985y. Oguz dzhabgu together with the Russians inflicted a major defeat to the princes of the Volgas Bulgaria. Shahmelik at 1041y. conquered Khorezm. But at 1043y. Shahmelik fell into the hands of his enemies and was executed. In the XI century Oguzes state fell into decay, strife began, excitement, increased external pressure Seljuks. In the middle of XI century. Oguz Power finally fell under the onslaught of Qypchaq tribes.

9) Karakhanid state (political history, peculiarities of economics and social organization).In 40-ies of X. Karluks power fell down and Karakhanids state appeared. Founder of the dynasty is considered Satuk Bogra Khan, declared as Kagan in 942 y. This state of Turkic tribes occupied the territory of Jetisu, its center was located in the Chu Valley, and the rate - in Balasagun. Over time they expanded the ownership of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya to Kashgar. Then they split into two parts - east, including Jetisu and East Turkestan, with its center in Balasagun and western - Maverannakhra centered first in Taraz, and then in Samarkand. The largest event in Karakhanids history was the adoption of Islam as state religion. It is connected with the name of Satuk Bogra Khan, who was in 955y. announced that, as in the 960y. in the interior areas of the karakhanids state 200000 tents have adopted Islam (the Arab name Satuk Bogra Khan - Abd al-Karim). As a result of internecine fighting in the first half of XI century. Karahanids state comes to the decline and fell under the authority of Kidane, who formed a state in Semirechye. In contrast to the political structure of nomadic societies in the territory of Kazakhstan's military administration was separated from the administration. Public administration structure consisted of a hierarchical principle. The most important socio-political institution in the State was karahanidos military system (военно-ленная). Khans complained to relatives and close the right to receive from the population of the region, state or city taxes that are levied to the state. This grant became known as "ikta", as the holder named Mukta or iktadar. This helped to the governor to receive karahanids at its disposal proceeds, as from a nomadic economy, and from farming, as well as from people involved in crafts. Another feature of Karahanids States - (вакорные земли) land, ie areas legacies nobles and wealthy landowners or military, in favor of nomadic religious institutions, and these lands are not taking the tax. Extended this form of exploitation of the peasantry, as metayage. Metayage essence was as follows: land, are publicly owned or hereditary landowners, peasants surrendered the lease. Sharecropper, or as they were called muzargi or barzshar, obliged to give most of the crop in the form of state tax and the land owner or manager Waqf. In X-XII centuries. in Kazakhstan, part of the karahanids, had developed commendat Institute. According to contemporaries, the essence of commendation was that the weak (people) placed under the patronage of a strong plot to protect them. Public administration system of Karahanids Khanate generally based on a feudal basis, which is an important step in the history of the strengthening of the feudal order in the territory of Kazakhstan.

10) Kharakhitais state (location, economy, social organization, political history).On the territory of Kazakhstan in Semirechje at 1128y. Karahytay state arose (Kidanes). This Far Eastern tribes that have turned karakhanids in the tributary. Karahytays gurhans (ruler) capital was in Balasagun. In addition Semirechje karahytai distributed its ownership in the South Kazakhstan and Maverannakhr. Even in 916y. Kidanes ruler declared himself Great Khan, gradually Kidanes seized the territory of Central Asia, first from Kashgar to the Great Wall of China, and then further Liao Dynasty was founded. But then from the banks of the Amur were more powerful tribes of nomads Chzhur-Chzen' forced Kidanes move to the west. So in the territory of Kazakhstan and Central Asia emerged State Black China (Karahytay). The Prince of the Liao Dynasty, Elyuy Dashi, expanded its power from the East Turkistan (Kashgar) and the Amu Darya. He took gurhans title in 1141 y. He started the war with the Central Asian ruler of Khorasan and dividing it became masters Merwe and Horasan. Then captured between the Syr Darya and Amu Darya. Elyuy Dashi died at 1143 y. and power passed to his widow Tabugen. By the end of the XII century Kidanes state was the most powerful in Central Asia. It included the land between the Irtysh and the Amu Darya, and further to the west - Ferghana and Samarkand to pay him tribute. The dramatic changes in this area occurred in the last gurhane Gzhilugu (Gzhulku), who rules from 1169 to 1203 or 1212 This is due to the appearance here naymans pursued by the Mongols, led by Khan Kuchluk. Kuchluk the one hand, and horezmshah Ala al-Din Muhammad, on the other hand, defeated karahytays, and their possession of Ili Valley were owned by naymans.

11) Qimaques in the history of Kazakhstan (location, economy, social organization, political history).In the political arena in the Kazakh steppe in the IX century, the state appeared kipchaks, uniting many tribes from the Altai to the Syr Darya. The political core of this state, the tribe Imak, in the middle of VII century occupied the territory of East Kazakhstan. After the fall of the Western Turkic Kaganate in 656, imak have some independence. At the beginning of VIII century. Imak subject turkesham, but by the middle of this century, freed from their power. Moreover, local tribes are subject Irtyshs Imak and creating with them a confederation, which received the name of the sources in the eastern Kimak Located between Karluk and Turgeshs, kimaks not only managed to maintain independence, but also spread their influence to many kangarian birth, roamed in central Kazakhstan and combined in VIII. group Kypchaks-seers, who fled after the defeat of the Turkic Second Kaganate. After the collapse of the Uighur kaganate in 840, is integrated into his tribe joins Kimak Union. It creates a powerful state headed by the governor, carry title baigu "(distorted" Yabgu "), and in the early tenth century. accepted the title of "Hakan". At the end of IX century. in the Kimak states included seven tribal groups: Ishk, lanikaz, adzhlad, eymur, Bayandour, Tatars, Kypchak. By mid-tenth century. Kimak Kaganate territory is divided into four main areas: 1. Yagsun-Yasu - covers the area between Yesil and Ertis, Bara-binskuyu steppe to the west of the Ob River. Here at Ertis, located capital - old and new. 2. Kyrkyrhan - covers an area of East and Central Kazakhstan from Ertis to Lake Balkhash and Alakol, including Karkara Nolinsk, Chingiztaus and Tarbagatai mountains. 3. Andar al-hifchak - area of "internal Kypchaks" - located in central Kazakhstan, including the neighborhood Ulutau-ing mountains, basins of Nura, Sary-Su, Karakengira, in the south - on the lower reaches of Shu and Talas. 4. "External kypchaki" occupied the foothills of the Southern Urals and Torgai steppe and enjoyed considerable autonomy.In Kimak society increasing role of the military. Rulers of principalities (which there were 12) were military leaders. The origin of resistivity-tribal system says about the elements of administrative division in Kimak Union. Arab historian Al-Idrisi, in his book called Kimak 16 cities, 12 of whom were in the river basin Ertis. In the state's system of tax levies. Many nomads because of their poverty were forced to move on to residency and do crafts, fishing, farming.Kimak power was a powerful state. However, in the IX-X centuries. began to show signs of its decline. The rulers of principalities, who owned vast territories and had at its service mercenary troops or detachments steppe, strove for independence that led to the weakening of central authority, the disintegration of the state. By the end of the tenth century. Kimak Khanate ceased to exist, the authority on its territory passed Qypchaq association.

12) Kypshaks in the history of Kazakhstan (location, economy, social organization, political history).The Khypchaks' historic role was identified from the early times. At the beginning of the II millennium A.D. all ethno-political traditions in the regions of Kazakhstan first depended on the unions of Khypchakh tribes. After the weakening of the Oghyz state, the Khypchakhs forced gradually Oghyz tribes back from the Caspian coast and bent in their will to the rest of them.The farming of Kazakhstan Khypchakhs was preceded by nomadic cattle breeding of other inhabitants of that regoin - the Saks, the Ghuns, the Turks, the Tyrgeshs, the Kharlyks and the Oghyzes. It was found out that their customs and traditions were connected. The plough-lands of the Khypchakhs were mainly in the valleys of Syr Darya, Sarysu, and Yesyl rivers. Fishing and animal hunting were carried out along with agricultural work.The Khypchakhs played a crucial role in internal and external policy of such states as Byzantium, Russia, Georgia, Salzhyk kingdom, Yedyl Bulgaria and Hungary.Information about outer political relations of Kazakhstan Khypchacks in the XI and at the beginning of XIII centures is found in several manuscripts. Geographical scope of those relations is so wide. The Kypchaks were rules of various regions of Central Asia, for example in Khorezmshax state. They played a crucial in internal and external gactors of policy of such states as Vyzantium, Russia, Georgia, Salzhyk kingdom. Chinese manuscripts were the evidence of close connection of Kazakhstan Kypchaks with the people an civilization of Central Asia an Far East.

13) Nayman and Kerey Uluses (location, economy, social organization, political history).The Naymans and Kereyts played a significant role in ethno-genetic processes,carried out on the territory of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the II millennium. Basically, they occupied themselves with cattle-breeding and hunting. They made felts, wooden bones and bands of house as well as every day instruments and arms.The Ulys leaders consisted of not only the ones, who came from relatives and khan families , but also from the representatives of other clans. Each Ulys located on certain regions and a khan - a representative of a khan family , ruled it. A leader set his own ruling apparatus forming armed forces and the authorities at khan's kingdom. Khan's kingdom played a role of its government and managed khan's property. Leaders, especially leaders of large Ulyses had winter and summer zhailaus. People with a special status were ingaged in the work, particularly in tax collecting. In 1206 Kushluk, khan of the Naymans, together with his subordinators, was moved out from Altai to Zhetisu under the pressure of Shyngys khan's army. Another large part oh the NAymans and the Kereyts stayed in Eastern Kazakhstan. At the beginning of the XIII century Kharakytai leader, being in trouble, addressed to Kushlyk khan for help , who had just reached Zhetysu, in order to stop the riot of his subordinated vassals. Taking the chance, Kushlyk khan and other his allies threw Kharakytai leader away of power , and arrested him in autumn of 1211. Consequently, Kushlyk, a leader of the Naymans, acquired a control over Zhetisu.

14) The Great Silk Way on the territory of Kazakhstan.The Great Silk Road - one of the most significant achievements in the history of world civilization. Extensive network of caravan routes crossing Europe and Asia from the Mediterranean to China and served in an era of Antiquity and Middle Ages an important means of trade relations and dialogue between the cultures of East and West. The most extensive part of the road passed through the territory of Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Asian Silk Road station, if it move from west to east, coming from Shashai (Tashkent) via Turbat in Isfidzhab, Sairam. From Isfidzhaba caravans were on the east through the town of Taraz in Sharab and Buduhket. From Taraz eastward path walked by Kulanu, passed through Suyab through the Issyk-Kul, Ili Valley, Kayalyk (capital karlukskih dzhagbu). From Isfidzhaba in Arsubaniket to Arysi through Shavgar, Yangikent. \ \ The Silk Road served initially for the export of Chinese silk. In turn, of Rome, Byzantium, India, Iran, the Arab Caliphate, and later from Europe and Russia went on the myrrh and frankincense, cardamom and nutmeg, ginseng and gall python, carpets and paintings, diamonds and jasper, ivory and "rybi tusks", ingots of gold and silver, furs, coins, and many others On the Silk Road extended cultivated crops: grapes, peaches and melons, spices and sugar, fruit and vegetables and herbs. Silk Road expands not only products but also the fashion for art styles, and getting to the prepared soil in a particular ethno-cultural environment, are widely available. \ \ Along with the proliferation of products, scientific and technological innovation, culture samples in applied arts, architecture, wall paintings Silk Road on the east and west spread the art of music and dance, visual representations, a kind of "stage" the Middle Ages. For example, Iranian, Sogdian and Turkish actors brought a lot of choreographic culture of China. When the excavation of historical monuments throughout the Silk Road found numerous tangible confirmation of the development and cross-fertilization of musical and theatrical cultures of different peoples. \ \ The Silk Road spread religious teachings and ideas, various missionaries transferred their faith in the overseas country. From India via Central Asia and East Turkistan came to Buddhism, from Syria, Iran and Arabia, spread Christianity and then Islam. \ \ Along with Buddhism on the Silk Road coming from the West to the East, Nestorian Christianity spread wing. In the 7-8 centuries. nestorianstvo widely spread in the cities of South Kazakhstan and Semirechye.

15) The towns and urban culture of Kazakhstan in Medieval Ages (VI - XII cc.).On the territory of Kazakhstan identified major historical and cultural development of regions settled, and in the Medieval Ages, and urban life. Some of them were Southern Kazakhstan and Zhetysu.In Zhetysu there are two historic and cultural areas: the south-western and north-eastern Zhetysu. / / The first description of the city Zhetysu belongs to the Buddhist pilgrim Xuan Jian. Some researchers believed that the agricultural culture in the territory as a result of a Zhetysu Sogdi colonization. There is also the opposite, the autochthonous model of origin of urban culture Zhetysu on which region of Southern Kazakhstan and Zhetysu has not been subjected to colonization Sogd, and independent, with great economy and culture of the region, played a significant role in the historical and economic destinies of the peoples of Central Asia. / / In Zhetysu, in southern Kazakhstan and Maverannakhr extends Turkic cultural complex. Thus, during the early Medieval Ages in southern Kazakhstan and Zhetysu a unique culture, which is integrated into a Turkish cultural complex. The most striking manifestation of this integration is observed in the culture of the city. / / Archaeological research in southern Kazakhstan recorded 25 hill with layers VI-IX centuries., Which can be considered remnants of cities. There are names of some of them - Isfidzhab, Sharab, Buduhket, Otrar (Farab) Shavgar. These cities include: Ark (citadel), Shahristan (inner city) and rabad (suburb). / / In the south-west Zhetysu (Chui and Talas valleys), according to archaeological data, there are 27 hill, most of which are identified with annalistic Taraz, Kulan, Atlah, Dzhamukat, Merka. / / Unlike Southern Kazakhstan's hill topography of Zhetysu is different: there is a central part consisting of a citadel and Shakhristan and suburban area, surrounded the long wall. / / Cities are centers of trade and commerce. In addition to international trade has developed a local regional trade and trade with the nomads. It is spread among different religions. In the process of adding the urban culture of Turkic tribes to take an active part, living in the towns and oases of southern Kazakhstan, Zhetysu and Central Asia. Their culture is one of the summands in the early urban cultures around the Central-Kazakhstan region. The local features of urban culture in the south of Kazakhstan and south-west Zhetysu impose identity on the hill topography, urban housing, ceramic, ideology in each of these areas and the entire area as a whole.

16) Aqtaban Shubirindi - the Great Retreat. The struggle of a Kazakh people with Zhonghar invasion in XVII-XVIII centuries.Aqtaban Shubirindi - the Great Retreat. The great threat to the Kazakhs was the rise of the Kalmyk state in the east, which by 1630 contained western Mongolia, the Ile River region, and part of eastern and southeastern Kazakhstan (the eastern portion of Semirech'e). In the early part of the seventeen century the Kalmyks, pastoral nomads of Mongol stock, began migratind in seazable numbers into the lands just east of the Kazakhs. Attracted by the goods traded in the Syr Darya cities, they began periodically to attack the cities as well as the Kazakh population whose herds grazed on the periphery. The economic balance of the steppe was quickly upset; the number of caravans crossing the Kazakh steppe was sharply reduced. The decline of trade in Syr Darya cities led the Kazakhs to the cities of Mawarannahr for their goods, which they raided when their attempts at conquest failed. The major east-west trade routs had moved; the relative isolation of Central Asia forced all the constituent states and peoples to vie for the limited economic resources available.The Great Retreat started in 1723 when the Kalmyks crossed the Karatau to take control of the Talas valley. The Kazakhs were caught by surprise as they prepared to leave their winter campsites and fled, leaving most of their possessions and livestock. During their subsequent campaign, 1723-1725, the Kalmyks quickly captured the Syr Darya River basin from Yasi to Tashkent, forcing the Kazakhs to flee from their ancestral pasturelands. The Kalmyks continued to absorbed the territory; in 1728 they took over the land around Lake Tengiz, so posing a direct threat to Chimkent in the south. They also took control over Lake Balkhash and the lands of the Small and Middle Hordes in central Kazakhstan. By that time it was evident that without Russian assistance the Kazakhs couldn't resist to the aggressive Kalmyks. In 1731 Abu'l Khayr, with his sons and deputies, swore their loyalty to the Russian empress. This action marked the end of an independent Kazakh state.

17) The development of culture and science in VI - XII centuries (Abu Nasyr al-Farabi, Balasaguni, U. Kazhgari, M. Khodzha Akhmed Yassaui).Evidence of the development of medieval culture is good work of the philosopher-scientist encyclopedist, and from Otrar Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Tarkhan Uzlaga Ibn al-Farabi al-Turki (870-950). He has a philosophy, mathematics, surveying, architecture, music theory, is known for research in the field of ethics. Farabi - scientist, thinker world, he brought together and synthesized in his work achievements of Arab, Persian, Greek, Indian, Turkic culture. He's works such as "Big Book of Music", "Word on the classification of science", "gems of wisdom" and etc., can give everybody its richest thing. Manuscripts Farabi available in many libraries in the world, and science on his legacy formed in farabievedenie. A prominent representative of Turkic literature X-XIIvv Balasaguni is Yusuf, who was born about 1017 belonged to him, written in 1069-1070 poem "Kutadgu bilig", translated into Russian as "Science to be happy". This book is an encyclopedic work in the native language of Turks, the political treatise of philosophical reflection on philosophical problems of meaning in life, the place and role in human society, nature. The author of essays on language, folklore, ethnography is a Turkic tribes Mahmoud Kashgari (1029-1101gg.), His book " Diwan lugat at-turk" "Dictionary of Turkic dialects" - Turkish encyclopedia written in 1072-1074. It was collected and compiled historical-cultural, ethnographic and linguistic materials. Here are the main genres of Turkic-speaking folklore - songs, literature, traditions, legends, more than 400 proverbs, sayings, and oral expressions. In the Middle Ages lived and worked the head of the Turkic branch of Sufism, a thinker and poet Hodja Ahmet Yasavi (by various sources, he spent 73 years, 85 years, 125 years old, precisely known date of death is 1166). Maintain its work "The book of wisdom", written in Qypchaq dialect of Turkic language. His life and activities associated with the city Yasy (Turkestan). Ahmet Yassavi and his followers managed to unite the religious ideology of Islam with the mass consciousness of the Turkic peoples from their tegrian-shamanists', Zoroastrian beliefs. Built at the turn of XIV-XV centuries in honor of Ahmet Yassavi mausoleum "Hazret Sultan" in Turkestan is the polomnichestva Muslims.

18) Mongol conquest of Central Asia and Kazakhstan: causes, chronology, stages and consequences. The heroic defense of Otrar.In 1215 Beijing has been taken, and by 1217 the Mongols conquered all the lands north of the Yellow River. / / In 1206 Temuchin was proclaimed whole mongol Khan and won the title of Genghis Khan. Genghis it means "win". After China, Genghis Khan was preparing to campaign in Kazakhstan and Central Asia. / / Winning Khorezm. Khorezm at the beginning of the XIII century. was at the top of his power, he united the land itself Khorezm, Maverannakhra, Iran, Khorasan Province, southern Kazakhstan. Alarmed by the news of the victories of the Mongols horezmshah Mohammed sent their ambassadors to Mongolia. Following this, in the Khorezm arrived embassy responded with offers of peace. Followed embassy trade caravan stopped in Otrar, Kayyr Khan Alyp-Derek, as the city governors, merchants suspected of spying and ordered to execute them. Moreover, Muhammad ordered the executions following, which the Mongols could not forgive. Horezmshah divided his army into several parts and garrisons than actually leaving it to defeat. The war in September 1219. began with the siege of Otrar. / / Otrar The siege lasted almost five months. / / Thus, as a result of 1219-1241. Territory of Deshty Kipchak and Maverannakhr joined the empire of Genghis Khan, and were divided between his sons. Zhoshi eldest son, he gave the land Saryarka and further west, to the south - to the Caspian and Aral seas. Second son of Genghis Khan - Shagatayu won Maverannakhra, Zhetysu. Third son Ugedeyu Chingis Khan singled out the Western Mongolia and Tarbagatay. Tulu inherited his father's Ulus - actually Mongolia.

The state of Golden Horde (political history, economy, social organization).When Shynghys khan's empire was distributed among his heirs, the territory of present-day Kazakhstan was divided between his sons, Jochi and Chagatai. Jochi predeceased his father, and so his inheritance (the lands west of the Irtysh River) passed to his son, Batu, who expanded his territory westward and founded the Golden Horde. Chagatai controlled the Semirech'e region as well as western Jungaria and Mawarannahr.During the first half of the thirteenth century Batu's territories continued to expand westward, but his headquarters remained at Sarai (in the heart of Dashti-Qipchak), 65 miles north of Astrakhan. The vastness of his holdings made it easy for loyal but independent khanates to emerge within the territory of the Golden Horde. Over the first quarter of the fourteenth century, a semiautonomous Mongol khanate gradually emerged, known as the White Horde and encompassing the Syr Darya region. The khan of the White Horde, who wintered around Sygnak, controlled the steppe northwest of the Aral Sea as far as the Ishim and Sarysu rivers. The first khan of the White Horde paid tribute to the khans of the Golden Horde. Eight successive khans tried unsuccessfully to gain complete autonomy for the White Horde, but it was not until 1364 that independence from the Goldern Horde was achieved. Even this was short-lived, as Tokhtamysh (reigned 1381-1395), khan of the Golden Horde, succeeded in reuniting the Golden and White Hordes. This period saw the redevelopment of agriculture, the founding or reconstruction of trading centres in Southern Kazakhstan, and the re-establishment of a unified and viable economic region, all necessary preconditions for the emergence of a united Kazakh people one hundred years later.Efforts by the Ilkhans to interdict this trade, or even to prevent direct trade between Iran and Egypt, failed.23 Kipchaks dominated the Egyptian Mamluk corps during the Bahri period (1250-1382), and did not relinquish that pre-eminence to the Circassians until after the disintegration of the Ilkhanate. Berke, Muslim khan of the Golden Horde, permitted his fellow Muslim, Baybars, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and ally against the Ilkhanids, to purchase slaves in Juchid territory: 200 in 1262, 1,300 in 1263, and more in 1264.24 Kipchak Turkic became the spoken and literary language of the Mamluk military-political elite, all of whose members, even if not of Kipchak or even Turkic origin, took Turkish names to distinguish them from their Arabic-named subjects and children. Kipchaks were not 'recruited' as eunuchs in Egypt. When a Mamluk Sultan wanted to praise his Turkman auxiliaries, he called them 'pure Kipchaks'.25