Should / ought to

I. The modal verb should / shouldn’t is used to express an opinion about what is the best thing to do. (This meaning is close to necessity or obligation.) Ought to / ought not (oughtn’t) to is not as common as should and is a little more formal, e.g.

I think the police should arrest hooligans.

Я считаю, что полиция должна арестовывать хулиганов.

We ought to help the poor.

Мы должны помогать бедным.

II. When we speak to another person, our opinion becomes advice, e.g.

(I think) You should / ought to talk to your teacher about it.*

(Я думаю, …) Тебе следует поговорить об этом с учителем.

You shouldn’t wear this colour.**

Тебе не следует носить этот цвет.

NOTE:

* With “think”, in the negative, we use I don’t think … should rather than the negative forms of should and ought to, e.g.

I don’t think you ought to/should go.

Я думаю, тебе не надо / не следует уходить.

(Не думаю, что тебе надо / следует уйти.)

** Had better is used for strong opinions. Had is usually contracted, e.g.

I think you’d better talk to your teacher about it.

Лучше бы ты поговорил об этом с учителем.

You’d better not wear this colour!

Лучше бы ты не носил этот цвет!

Ex. 66. Express your opinion about the following people using should (not) / ought (not) to.

Model: police → The police should (ought to) catch criminals.

They shouldn’t (oughtn’t to) stop people without a

reason.

1. employers	4. parents	7. doctors
2. teachers	5. journalists	8. drivers
3. local authorities	6. teenagers	9. rich people, etc….

Ex. 67. Give some advice for the following problems.

Model: I’m getting too fat. - I think you should do more exercise.

- I don’t think you should eat chocolate.

- You’d better go to the gym.

- You’d better not use the lift.

1. I have difficulty learning new words.

2. Whatever I cook tastes awful!

3. I’ve lost my job.

4. My daughter is starving herself to lose weight.

5. I am too short.

6. My room-mate smokes and I hate it.

7. My parents are too domineering.

8. Our neighbours play too loud music at night.

Modal verbs of logical assumptions

When we are 100% sure about some fact, we use the verb in the proper tense form. When we are 100% sure about a future action, we use will / won’t, e.g.

He will return. = I know he will return.

They won’t come. = I know it won’t happen. They don’t want to come.

However, our certainty about facts of life can be less than 100%. In this case we use modal verbs to express different degrees of certainty, e.g.

95%	deduction	must* can’t	They must be stuck in the traffic jam. ( = I’m sure they’re stuck in the traffic jam.) Они наверняка (Должно быть, они) застряли в пробке. She can’t be in Italy. I saw her today. ( = It’s impossible that she’s in Italy. I don’t believe it.) Не может быть, что она в Италии. Я видел ее сегодня.
90%	expectation	should	He should be home now. ( = I expect/believe him to be at home.) Скорее всего / Очевидно, он уже дома.
50% and less	possibility	may (not) / might (not) can / could	I may / might have some news for you next week. ( = Maybe I’ll have some news for you.) Может быть, у меня для вас будут новости. I may not have time to finish it today. ( = Perhaps I won’t have time to finish it.) Возможно, у меня не будет времени закончить это сегодня. It can rain here in winter. ** ( = Sometimes rain is possible here in winter.) Зимой здесь возможен дождь / бывают дожди.

NOTE: ** Negative assumptions with must are possible only through words negative in meaning, e.g.

They must have no books on this subject.

Очевидно, у них нет книг по этому предмету.

She must be displeased. Должно быть, она недовольна.

They must be unable to do it. Очевидно, они не могут это

(с)делать.

** Besides general possibility can is often found in questions, e.g.

Can he have a sister? (= Is it possible that he has a sister?)

Возможно ли, что (Неужели) у него есть сестра?

Ex. 68. Translate into Russian.

1. They must be at home. The light is on. 2. She can’t be at University. She’s only fourteen. 3. She may disagree with you on this problem. 4. He should be the owner of the factory, I suppose. 5. They must be on good terms with each other. They never argue. 6. They must be displeased with your decision. 7. It can’t be our professor. Yesterday the professor had no beard. 8. I might not be able to help you. 9. Can he be her brother? They look different. 10. The man must be very rich driving this kind of car.

Ex. 69. Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.

1. Look at those clouds. I think it can’t/ might/must rain.

2. This is impossible! It can’t be /mustn’t be/may not be the answer.

3. Well done! You may be/must be/might be very pleased!

4. I’ve no idea where Jane is. She could be/must be anywhere!

5. I suppose it’s possible. I might/can/must come to your party.

6. I’m not sure. I must not/may not/should not be able to get there on time.

7. That can’t be/mustn’t be/may not be David. We aren’t expecting him.

8. Lisa isn’t here yet. She can be/must be/may not be on her way.

9. There’s someone at the door. It can be/could be/must be the postman.

10. Sorry, I can’t/may not/should not come out tonight.

Ex. 70. Paraphrase using modal verbs of logical assumptions.

1. Perhaps he doesn’t know the whole truth. 2. I’m sure Tom is her brother.

3. I don’t believe that they are hungry. They’ve just had lunch. 4. I’m sure she doesn’t like this kind of music. 5. Maybe he is still in his office. 6. I expect him to know her address. 7. Perhaps they are room-mates. 8. I don’t believe that he is in charge of the department. 9. He certainly doesn’t have any property in this town. 10. Maybe they don’t know each other. 11. He has a house in London and another in Paris, so I believe him to be quite rich.

12. It’s possible that Liverpool will win the match. 13. Is it possible that they have no information about this yet? 14. I’m sure his salary is big enough. 15. I expect your boss to be pleased with the work you’ve done.

Ex. 71. Translate into English using modal verbs.

1. Должно быть, они друзья. 2. Возможно, они вернутся сегодня вечером. 3. Не может быть, что она его любит. 4. Невозможно, чтобы вы не имели никакого понятия об этом. 5. Не может быть, чтобы она отвечала за такую важную работу. По-моему, она слишком легкомысленная девушка. 6. Должно быть, это его машина.

7. Возможно, они уже в отпуске. 8. Должно быть, он ничего еще об этом не знает. 9. Возможно, они не хотят остаться. 10. Должно быть, у него нет родственников в этом городе.

* * *

Ex. 72. Rewrite each sentence, using can, can’t, might or must.

Model: Sarah is really good at swimming.

Sarah ………………. well.

Sarah can swim really well.

1. It’s possible that our team will win.

Our team ……………… win.

2. I’m sure this isn’t the right road.

This ……………. the right road.

3. I’m sure you work very hard!

You …………… very hard!

4. Caroline isn’t allowed to come to our party.

Caroline ……………. to our party.

5. It’s possible that I’ll see you tomorrow, but I’m not sure.

I ……………… , but I’m not sure.

6. I’m afraid that your teacher is unable to come today.

I’m afraid that ……………… today.

7. I’m sure it’s very hot here in summer.

It ……………….. here in summer.

8. Excuse me, is it all right if I open the window?

Excuse me, ………………. the window?

9. I suppose you’re Mrs. Perry. How do you do?

You ………………. Mrs. Perry. How do you do?

Ex. 73. Decide whether each pair of sentences has a similar meaning, or whether they are different. Discuss the difference.

a) You’d better go.	You should go.
b) You don’t have to press this button.	You mustn’t press this button.
c) You should have a rest.	You ought to have a rest.
d) You must be crazy!	You should be crazy!
e) You must be here at 8.30.	You have to be here at 8.30.
f) You mustn’t do that!	You don’t have to do that!
g) You shouldn’t eat so much.	You ought not to eat so much.
h) We have to work harder.	We must work harder.
i) I’d better write my letters.	I must write my letters.
j) I ought to leave now.	I have to leave now.

Ex. 74. Rewrite each sentence so that it has a similar meaning and contains the word in bold type.

Model: It would be a good idea for you to see a dentist.

ought …………………………………………

You ought to see a dentist.

1. It’s not necessary for us to go to school tomorrow.

have …………………………………………….

2. I’m sure that isn’t John, because he’s in Paris.

be …………………………………………………

3. Perhaps Ann is at home.

be ………………………………………………..

4. You ought to wear a warm coat today.

had ………………………………………………

5. It’s possible that I’ll be late.

may ………………………………………………

6. I wouldn’t go skiing if I were you.

think …………………………………………….

7. It is forbidden to leave your bike here.

can’t ……………………………………………..

Ex. 75. Fill in a modal verb with the verb in brackets.

Model: I’m getting fat. I really …….. (try) to lose weight, like the doctor

said.

I really have to try to lose weight, like the doctor said.

1. I’m not sure where Gary is. He ………………………(be) at the library.

2. That ………………………….. (not/be) Bill’s car. He doesn’t have one.

3. Tom ……………………… (be) in the bedroom but I’m not sure. Why don’t you go and see?

4. Don’t worry. You ………………… (not/dress) formally for the party.

5. If you want to borrow his car, you …………………… (ask) him personally.

6. This dog ………………. (belong) to Harry. It’s got his address on its collar.

7. Only authorized personnel …………………………. (enter) this area.

8. You …………………….. (not/smoke) in public places.

9. John ………………………. (not/be) in Spain. I saw him in the town centre this morning.

10. Fortunately he ………………………. (convince) the police that he was innocent.

11. Tom drives really well now. He ……………………. (pass) his driving test easily.

12. She ……………………… (not/be) at University. She is ill.

13. They …………………… (announce) the winners on March 16^th. It’s scheduled.

14. She …………………. (start) work on Monday. The manager has told her to.

15. I missed the film last night because I ……………………… (work) late.

16. Everyone in the world ………………………. (have) food and shelter.

17. You ……………………. (comply) with the regulations. We expect you to do so.

18. People ……………………… (treat) animals in a better way but they don’t always do so.

Ex. 76. Fill in:

1. can’t, might, must or could.

I wonder where Paul is. He ………… be at work because he never works on a Sunday. He ……….. be at Sally’s, but I doubt it because they haven’t been speaking lately. I wonder if he ………… be at his cottage in the country. No, he ……….. be because he told me they have rented it to someone else for the summer. He ……… be at the bowling club, but I’m almost sure he told me he’d got tired of it. I know! He …………. be on the beach, because I remember him asking me if I wanted to go with him.

2. can, couldn’t, may, mustn’t, can’t or (not) be allowed to.

David: ……….. I go to the cinema tonight?

Mrs. Stone: You know you ………… go out during the week.

David: But I ………… go out last Saturday either. I think Dad is too strict.

Mrs. Stone: You …………. speak about your father like that. He’s doing what he thinks is best.

David: ………… I have some friends over, then?

Mrs. Stone: I’m afraid you ………. . We’re having some friends to dinner.

David: …………. I at least watch TV for a while?

Mrs. Stone: Yes, you ………… , but only after you’ve done your homework.

David: But I haven’t got any homework!

Mrs. Stone: Oh! Well, in that case, you ………… go out, but you …….….. be home late.

David: I’ll be home by 11, I promise.

3. would you, I’ll, shall, could, why don’t you, should or how about.

Husband: I’ve got a splitting headache.

Wife: ………… go and lie down?

Husband: Yes, I think I will. ………… bring me some aspirin?

Wife: Yes, of course I will. ………….. I call the doctor?

Husband: No. ………….. wait and see how I feel later.

Wife: ……….. like a glass of water?

Husband: Yes, please. ……………. you also telephone the office to say I’m ill?

Wife: Yes. …………. you tell me where to find the number?

Husband: ………….. looking in the address book by the phone?

Wife: ……….. I say you’ll be in the office this afternoon?

Husband: Yes, you …………. say I’ll be in about 2 o’clock – I ……….. be all right by then.

4. can, can’t, couldn’t, have to, (not) be able to, should or must.

Dear Mum and Dad,

Here I am in my new flat. Sorry I ………………. write earlier, but, of course, I was busy moving in and unpacking. Now, I just ……………….. buy curtains and a few rugs to make the flat really homely. When I unpacked, I ………………. find my toaster anywhere. It ………………. be somewhere in the old flat! I think I …………….. call for it some time.

I’ll come to see you on Sunday 14. ………………. I bring my flat-mate? If we set off early, we ………………… arrive in time for lunch. I ………………. wait to eat your delicious apple pie!

Anyway, I ………………. go now. There’s someone at the door. It …………… be the plumber; he is going to install the washing machine. See you on Sunday.

Love,

Judy

5. must, should, had better or ought to.

Dear Pete,

I am sorry to hear your sister is being so horrible to you. I think you …………. continue being pleasant to her. You ……….. try at least. If she is still nasty to you, you …………. tell your parents what has been happening. Your sister ………… be punished for what she has been doing to you. You …………… speak with your parents about it straight away, before it’s too late.

Good luck,

Auntie Marge

* * *

Ex. 77. Translate from Russian into English using modal verbs or their equivalents.

1.Он должен быть там завтра. 2. Он может быть там завтра. 3. Возможно, он будет там завтра. 4. Не может быть, чтобы это была правда.

5. Неужели это правда? 6. Это, должно быть, правда. 7. Возможно, это правда. 8. Кто знает, может быть, они знакомы. 9. Мне очень жаль, но я должен идти. Я должен встретить Бетти у входа в театр. 10. Его дом должны были снести (pull down), и ему пришлось переехать в другой район. 11. Погода хорошая, и мы могли бы прокатиться (go for a drive) за город. 12. Ему пришлось подвинуться поближе, чтобы услышать ее.

13. На следующий день Джон взял меня с собой на прогулку, а вечером мы должны были обедать с Гринами. 14. В прошлом году я жил близко от института, и мне не надо было вставать так рано, как сейчас. 15. Я думаю, вам не стоит обращать на это внимания. Стоит ли беспокоиться о пустяках? 16. Вам следует прочитать эту книгу как можно скорее. 17. В понедельник я еще не смогу дать вам окончательный ответ. 18. Не могли бы вы помочь мне закончить работу? Мне, может быть, придется уехать завтра вечером. 19. Я должен сделать это сегодня? а) Нет, вы можете сделать это завтра, если хотите. б) Да, это нужно сделать сегодня.

20. Мне нужно переписать всю работу, или я могу только исправить ошибки? 21. Когда мне можно придти за остальным материалом? – Вам незачем приходить сюда самому. Мы вам пришлем его, когда он будет готов. 22. Не могли бы вы зайти немного позже? 23. Вам приходится очень рано вставать, не так ли? 24. Он не должен быть (!) в это время дома, он, наверняка, еще на работе. 25. Группа туристов должна прибыть завтра утром. 26. Вам не обязательно (не нужно) приходить самому, вы можете прислать кого-нибудь. 27. Тебе следует позвонить ей немедленно. 28. Вам следует встретиться и подробно обсудить этот вопрос. 29. Не могли бы Вы дать мне еще один пример? 30. Посидите здесь, пока он занят. Я думаю, вам не придется долго ждать. 31. Тебе следует пробыть в Санкт-Петербурге дольше, чтобы осмотреть весь город. 32. Тебе нечего торопиться. Она только что выехала. 33. Было трудно, но он смог выяснить, почему самолет разбился. 34. Вы обязательно должны рассказать нам о своей поездке!

WORD BUILDING. NOUN SUFFIXES

Verb + suffix

Many nouns are formed in this way:

- ment improvement, management

-ion election, discussion

-ation information, organisation

-ing jogging, spelling

NOTE : Sometimes there is a spelling change. The most common is the omission of the final ‘e’ before the suffix -ion or -ation: translate/translation, organize / organization.

Adjective + suffix

Nouns are also formed by adding a suffix to an adjective. Two suffixes often added to adjectives to form nouns are -ness and -ity.

-ness weakness, happiness, darkness

-ity stupidity, punctuality, similarity

-er/-or, -ee and -ist

-er -er -or -ee -ist

dancer driver actor trainee artist

singer manager director employee economist

murderer footballer translator addressee psychologist

farmer employer operator nominee journalist

NOTE: Notice the common spelling changes:

translate/translation, operate/operator, economy/economist, psychology/psychologist.

Ex. 78. Complete the tables and mark the stress on each word.

Verb Noun Adjective Noun

educate stupid

improve dark

jog weak

spell similar

hesitate punctual

arrange sad

employ popular

promote responsible

Ex. 79. Combine the suffixes on the right with the verbs or adjectives on the left, and then complete the text below. (Remember you may need to make a small spelling change).

----------------------------------- -----------------------------------

improve televise elect -ment, -ity, -ion,-ation, -ness

educate weak manage

govern stupid

------------------------------------ ------------------------------------

In his first broadcast on …………. since he won the ……….. .. last month, the Prime Minister promised to make health and …………. two of his top priorities. And in a strong attack on the previous ………., he said that the present ………… of the British economy was caused entirely by their ………… and ………… . He said he would act immediately and he hoped the British people would be able to see clear signs of an …………. in the economy by the end of the year.

Ex. 80. Write down the name of the person who does these things.

Model: farm → farmer

1. act	4. sing	7. economics
2. employ	5. murder	8. translate
3. football	6. psychology	9. manage

Ex. 81. Look at the two examples and then complete the rest of the definitions.

Model: An actor is a person who .......................

An actor is a person who acts in films, plays and on TV.

1. A journalist is a person who ………………..

2. A ballet dancer is a person who ……………..

3. A film director is a person who ………………

4. A bank manager is a person who …………….

5. An employer is a person who ……………….

6. A pop singer is a person who …………………

7. A translator is a person who ………………….

8. A lorry driver is a person who ………………..

9. A photographer is a person who ……………..

10. An artist is a person who ………………….

ARTICLE with uncountable nouns

I. Uncountable nouns include the so called mass nouns (fluids: blood, coffee, milk, oil, tea, water, etc.; solids: bread, butter, food, fruit, glass, meat, fish, iron, coal, etc.; particles; flour, dust, hair, rice, sugar, sand, wheat, etc.), names of natural phenomena (fog, snow, rain, sunshine, smog, weather, wind, etc.), abstract nouns (advice, information, work, knowledge, luck, traffic, progress, music, etc.) and collective nouns (luggage, money, rubbish, furniture, jewellery, crockery, cutlery, etc.)

They take a singular verb, are not used with the indefinite article (a/an), even if there is a descriptive adjective; are usually used with some/any/no/much/(a)little/a lot of/plenty of and some others, e.g.

Information is available at the front desk.

This ring is made of ᴓ(very good)silver.

He drinks very little tea.

II. Many uncountable nouns can be made countable by adding a partitive, e.g.

a piece of paper/cake/news/information/advice/ furniture, etc.

a glass/bottle/drop of water, juice, wine, etc.

a sheet of paper, a packet of tea, a grain/pinch of salt, a slice of lemon/bread, a rasher of bacon, a pot of yoghurt, a kilo/pound of meat, a bar of chocolate/soap, a can of Coke, a carton of milk, a loaf/chunk/crumb of bread, a flash/bolt of lightning, a clap/peal of thunder, a flake of snow, a splinter/pane of glass, a chip of wood, etc.

III. Some uncountable nouns can be used in a particular sense and are then countable, e.g.

His hair is black. Whenever he finds a grey hair he pulls it out.

We drink coffee, but ask for a coffee (two coffees).

The chair is made of wood. Is there a wood near here?

“The woods are lovely, dark and deep…”

He is out of work. He’s got Shakespeare’s complete works.

We drink wine, but enjoy a good wine.

His heart was full of shame. It’s a shame he wasn’t paid.

Ex. 82. Translate into Russian.

1. Give me a piece of paper, please. The police asked to see his papers. 2. She has a lot of experience in teaching. We had lots of exciting experiences on our trip. 3. The vase was made of Venetian glass. Would you like a glass of milk? He can’t see very well without his glasses. 4. She’s got long blonde hair. There’re two hairs in my milk! 5. The bowl is made of wood. The girls got lost in the woods. 6. He goes to work every day. Renoir’s works are really fascinating. 7. Don’t go out in the rain without an umbrella. In some climates the rains come twice a year.

Ex. 83. Make the following uncountable nouns plural using a possible partitive as in the example.

1. furniture	two	pieces of furniture	8. tea	three	…………
2. chalk	three	………………….	9. water	two	…………
3. rice	two	………………….	10. butter	three	…………
4. thunder	two	………………….	11. flour	three	…………
5. paper	two	………………….	12. lightning	two	…………
6. fruit	three	………………….	13. news	two	…………
7. beer	two	………………….	14. chocolate	three	…………

Ex. 84. Make up exclamatory sentences using the proper articles.

Model: nice weather → What nice weather!

rainy day → What a rainy day!

thick fog	difficult work	good salary
curly hair	hard job	useful advice
tasty chocolate	cheap youghurt	nice cake of soap
cold drink	thin slice	fragrant lotion
hot tea	nice watch	big drop
modern furniture	nice jewellery	white flour
good progress	comfortable sofa	beautiful scenery
heavy suitcase	heavy traffic	nice scene
heavy luggage	big money	long loaf

Ex. 85. Fill in the gaps with the proper articles where necessary.

1. He gave me … very good advice. 2. I’m sure I’ll need … advice he gave me. 3. He has been out of … work for three weeks. 4. He is looking for … work. 5. … work he did before was very well-paid. 6. Where is … money I gave you? 7. He’ll never ask anyone for … money. He’s too proud. 8. In his previous job he earned … very big money. 9. There was only … little money left in his pocket. 10. … weather is lovely! Let’s go for a walk. 11. What … lovely weather we’re having! 12. Our trip will largely depend on … weather. 13. No news is … good news. 14. Don’t be afraid. I bring … good news.

15. He turned white when he heard … news. 16. If you work as hard as now, you’ll make … real progress. 17. They want to discuss … progress the students have made in the past few months. 18. What would you like? - … coffee and two teas, please. 19. Why didn’t you drink … coffee? – It was too strong.

Ex. 86. Translate from Russian into English.

1. Погода была такая плохая, что я остался дома. 2. Какая прекрасная погода! 3. Я пришел к Вам за советом. 4. Спасибо, я знал, что Вы дадите мне хороший совет. 5. Он дал мне два хороших совета. 6. Ваши советы всегда полезны. 7. Совет-то хорош, но я не могу ему последовать. 8. Кто дал Вам такой прекрасный совет? 9. Вы слышали последние новости? 10. Это плохая новость. 11. Новости, которые он сообщил нам, были очень неприятными. 12. У меня для Вас две новости. 13. Новостей пока нет. 14. Я думаю, что только работа поможет вам. 15. Вы закончили работу? 16. Где работы студентов? 17. У меня дома есть полное собрание произведений Л.Н.Толстого. 18. Это очень интересная работа, я думаю, она вам понравится. 19. Она может дать вам все необходимые сведения. 20. Нам нужно обменяться информацией. 21. Мне не нужен совет, мне нужна информация. 22. Где деньги? – Они на столе.

23. Ваших денег недостаточно. 24. Его деньги были в надежном месте. 25. Один кофе и два чая, пожалуйста.

TENSE AND VOICE REVISION.

Ex. 87. Open the brackets, using the correct tense form.

Mr. Kelada was everywhere and always. He … (be) certainly the best-hated man on the ship. We … (call) him Mr. Know-All to his face and he … (take) it as a compliment. He … (know) everything better than anybody else and it never … (come) into his head that he … (can) be mistaken.

There … (be) four of us at table. A man called Ramsay, who … (be) as dogmatic as Mr. Kelada, his wife, and myself. Ramsay … (be) in the American Consular Service and now he … (be) on his way back to Japan after he … (fetch) his wife from New York where she … (spend) a year at home. Mrs. Ramsay … (be) a very pretty little thing with pleasant manners who … (know) how to wear her clothes. She … (be dressed) very simply because the Consular Service … (be) ill-paid.

On that evening, while we … (sit) all at dinner, we … (start) speaking about pearls. There … (be) in the papers lately a good deal of talk about the cultured pearls which the Japanese … (make). Mr. Kelada … (tell) us all that was to be known about pearls. Mr Ramsay … (know) nothing about them at all. I … (believe), but he … (start) a heated argument with Mr. Kelada. At last something that Mr. Ramsay … (say) made Mr. Kelada so angry that he … (cry out):

“I … (know) what I … (talk) about. I … (go) to Japan just to look into this Japanese pearl business. I … (be) in the trade.”

That … (be) news for us, because Mr. Kelada never … (tell) anyone what his business … (be). He … (look) around the table triumphantly.

“You take my word for it, he … (continue), “that chain Mrs. Ramsay … (wear) never … (be worth) a cent less than it is now. I … (notice) it at once. If you … (buy) it on Fifth Avenue I … (be) sure it … (be) worth anything up to thirty thousand.”

Mr. Ramsay … (smile): “You … (be surprised) to hear that my wife … (buy) this chain at a department store the day before we … (leave) New York, for eighteen dollars.”

“Let me … (look) at the chain.” Mr. Kelada … (ask), “and if it … (be) imitation, I … (tell) you quickly enough.”

“Take it off, dear,” … (say) Mr. Ramsay. Let Mr. Kelada … (look) at it as much as he … (want).”

I … (have) a sudden feeling that something unpleasant … (be going) to happen. Mrs. Ramsay … (take) the chain off and Mr. Ramsay … (hand) it to Mr. Kelada. Mr. Kelada … (take) a magnifying glass from his pocket and … (examine) the chain. There … (be) a smile of triumph on his face. He … (hand) back the chain. He … (be going) to speak when he suddenly … (catch) the look of terror in Mrs. Ramsay’s eyes; her face … (turn) quite white. I … (wonder) why her husband … (not notice) anything.

Mr. Kelada … (stop) with his mouth open.

“I … (make) a mistake,” he … (say). “It … (be) a very good imitation”.

(After “Mr. Know-All” by W. S. Maugham)

WRITING. TIME ( A when B ) and SEQUENCE ( A , B , C , ... , n)

WRITING A FORMAL LETTER

Ex. 88. Study the table.

I’ll phone my uncle when I get home. When you have finished, you can go home. As soon as I get home, I’ll phone my uncle. You can go home as soon as you have finished.	Mind the position of the clause and the tenses used. As soon as suggests a more immediate action.
Pat wrote / was writing some letters while I cooked / was cooking the dinner. Pat was writing some letters. Meanwhile, I cooked / was cooking the dinner. The man slipped (just)as he got off / was getting off the train. Just as I sat down, the phone rang.	When two things happen at the same time we use while or as / just as in case of short actions. Meanwhile always begins the next sentence and is used to introduce a parallel action.
We had something to eat before we went out. After we’d returned from the trip, we decided to have a party.	Cf: We had something to eat before going out / the show. After returning from the trip / the trip we decided to have a party.

Ex. 89. Fill the gaps with the words from the box.

when as soon as while (just) as

after before meanwhile

1. I’ll call you …….. arrive in Rome.

2. He had been out of work for some time ……. he managed to find a part-time job.

3. …….. putting the cake in the oven decorate it with candied fruit and nuts.

4. She opened the door …….. I touched the handle.

5. He was able to get in the house only …….. he had woken one of the servants.

6. I went to University. ……… my friends got well-paid jobs.

7. I made a phone call ……… the car was being serviced.

8. I had to brake suddenly ………. I was turning the corner.

9. He pushed the envelope across the table ……… rising and leaving the coffee bar.

10. He was mending the shed. ………. his wife was cleaning the veranda.

11. ……… we turned round the corner, we ran into an old friend of mine.

Ex. 90. Study the table.

Sequence of actions or events

We had a great holiday. At first (in the beginning / at the beginning of …) / First / first of all (before anything else) we spent a few days in St.Moritz. Then / After that we drove down to the Italian Riviera and stayed in Portofino for a week. Finally, we went back to Switzerland and visited some old friends in Lucerne.

If one action happens soon after the other we often use afterwards in place of after (that): First of all we met the others for a meal, and afterwards we went to the disco. If you want to say that something happened after a lot of time and/or a lot of problems, you can use eventually or in the end: The traffic was awful, and we took several wrong turnings, but eventually / in the end we got there.

Ex. 91. Cross out the incorrect answers. Sometimes both answers are correct.

1. I’ll give them your message as soon as I get / will get there.

2. Maria cleaned the kitchen as / while I did the bathroom.

3. We must go to that gallery before leave / leaving.

4. I had a lot of problems at the shop, but eventually / finally they agreed to give me a refund.

5. The phone rang while / as I was leaving the house.

6. The letter arrived while / as we were getting ready.

7. The Presidents discussed political and economic problems. Meanwhile / afterwards the First Ladies visited a children’s hospital.

Ex. 92. Complete these sentences in a suitable way.

1. We had a game of squash and afterwards …

2. I’ll meet you as soon as …

3. I must remember to lock the back door before …

4. I think I dropped the letter as …

5. I looked up half of the words in my dictionary while …

6. We had to wait for hours but eventually …

7. He saw the plane take off just as …

8. The police were looking for the criminal in the city. Meanwhile, …

9. My plan was as follows: first of all … and after that …

10. I told him I would be back when …

Ex. 93. Look at the following notes from a biography and complete the biography that follows:

WILLIAM HALL

1994 left University in June

1994 went to London in September

1995 - 97 worked for a London insurance company

1997 was promoted and moved to Edinburgh

1998 met Jane Simpson

1999 married Jane Simpson

2001 moved back to London

2002 first child was born

After William Hall _________________________________________

_____________________________________________ in June 1994, he

_______________________________________________.

__________________________ he didn’t work for about three months, but _____________________________ he managed to find a job with an ____________________________________.

Two years later he _________________________________________ .

__________________________ he was promoted he ________________ _____________________________________ . ____________________ he was working in Edinburgh he ___________________ Jane Simpson.

He was still working in the same company doing a very important project. ______________________________ , he was going out with Jane. They got married in ___________________ and moved back to London a year ___________________________ their first child was born.

Ex. 94. Writing a formal letter of application.

(A) Read this job advertisement (want ad).

SOCIAL EVENTS ORGANIZER

We are looking for someone to arrange weekend and evening events for a group of students from Europe, who will be studying at a London language school in July and August. Could it be you? Are you

• a good organizer?

• sociable and outgoing?

• good at languages?

• familiar with the local area?

If you are, please write to us, saying why you would be suitable for this job.

(B) Read this letter of application for the job that is advertised above. Choose the words or phrases in italics that you think are more formal.

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am writing to apply for the post / job of a Social Events Organizer which was advertised in last week’s edition of ‘Summer Jobs’.

I am now / currently studying French and Italian at London University, so I speak both languages well.

I feel I would be suitable /right for this position because I have good organizational skills, and I greatly enjoy going out and meeting new people. I have lived in London all my life so I know many of the places that young students would enjoy.

I have experience of this kind of work. Last summer I was employed by / worked for Imperial Hotels as a Tour Organizer, and I arranged excursions to places of interest in and around London. I also worked for London Life last Christmas, which involved taking groups of / some American tourists around the capital.

My course finishes in the middle of June, so I would be available for work / can start work at any time during July and August.

Please do not hesitate to contact me if you need / require any more / further information. I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours faithfully,

……………..

(C) Read the advice (notes 1-7) on how to write a good letter of application. Then find the part of the letter in (B) that relates to each piece of advice. Finally, rearrange the advice so that it is in the same order as the letter.

1. Make it clear which post you are interested in and how you heard or learned about the job.

2. Describe your present position or situation briefly and clearly.

3. Begin the letter with ‘Dear Mr. …’, ‘Dear Ms. …’ or ‘Dear Mrs. …’. However, if you don’t know the name of the person, remember that there is another phrase you can use. (Dear Sir or Madam, …)

4. Sign off correctly. Use a suitable formal phrase. (‘Yours sincerely’ if you know the name of the addressee, or ‘Yours faithfully’ if you don’t.)

5. Make it clear when you can begin the job if it is offered to you.

6. The final paragraph of your letter is just as important as the first paragraph. It must be polite but it must also give them the impression you are really interested in the job.

7. Explain why you think you would be particularly good for the job. You can give any details you like here.

(D) You see this advertisement and decide to reply:

We are looking for Summer Camp Hosts to help

teach and entertain children aged 10-12 at our

Summer Camp in August.

If you are good with children, keen on sports and

other outdoor activities, and have a lively and

outgoing personality, then we’d like to hear from

you. We offer good rates of pay and free

accommodation.

REPLY TO SUMMER CAMP TRAVEL, BOX 100

(F) Follow these notes when you write your letter of application.

1. Remember to write your address in the top right-hand corner and the date below it. Still below, on the left hand side, write the name and, below, the address of the company you are applying to.

2. Write in a formal style. Avoid informal language. Do not use short forms.

3. Cover the three qualities they ask for (good with children, sports,

personality), explaining clearly why you think you have these qualities. Use your imagination here. Do not be afraid to exaggerate a

little.

4. Use some of the phases from the letter in (B).

5. Be sure to tell them something about your present situation and when you could begin working.

6. Arrange your letter in clear paragraphs.

7. Do not write more than 180 words.

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