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Questionnaires and Interviews

Selecting the subjects who will be contacted is only the first step in carrying out a survey. Als required is a specific way to ask questions and record answers. Two commonly used techniques ar questionnaires and interviews.

A questionnaire is a series of questions or items to which all subjects are asked to respond. I most cases, the respondent is provided with possible responses to each item, so that the process c answering only involves selecting the best response (the format is similar to multiple-choic examination questions). Analyzing the results of the survey is easy because the possible response have been limited by the researcher. A questionnaire that provides a set of responses to the subjec has a closed-ended format.

In some cases, however, a researcher might want to let a subject respond in an entirely fret way. In an open-ended format the subjects are able to express their responses however they wish which allows subtle shades of opinion to come through. Of course, the researcher later has to maki sense out of what can be a bewildering array of answers.

How to present the questions to subjects is a major decision for every study that uses ; questionnaire. Most often, a questionnaire is mailed to respondents who are asked to complete the form and then return it to the researcher, usually also by mail. This technique is called a self administered survey. When subjects respond to such questionnaires, no researcher is present, o course; so the questionnaire must be prepared in an attractive way, with clear instructions anc questions that are easy to understand. In self-administered surveys, it is especially important to pretest the questionnaire with a small group of people before sending it to all subjects in the study. The smal investment of time and money involved can help prevent the costly problem of finding out too late-tha instructions or questions were not clear to respondents.

Role

A second major component of social interaction is role, which refers to patterns of behaviour corresponding to a particular status. Ralph Linton described a role as the dynamic expression of s status. A student has a role that involves patterned interaction with professors and other students and responding to academic demands made by the college. As Linton explained, while individuals occupy a status, they perform a role. Cultural norms suggest how a person who holds a particular status ought to act, which is often called a role expectation. However, real culture only approximates ideal culture; therefore, actual role performance usually varies from role expectation.

Like status, a role is relational by directing social behaviour toward some other person. The role that corresponds to the status of parent, for example, is ideally defined in terms of responsibilities toward a child. Correspondingly, the role of son or daughter is ideally defined in terms of obligations toward a parent. There are countless other examples of roles paired in this way: the behaviour of wives and husbands is performed in relation to each other, as is the behaviour of physicians and patients, and of professors and students.

Because individuals occupy many statuses at one time — a status set — they perform multiple roles. Yet a person has even more roles than statuses because any one status involves performing several roles in relation to various other people. Robert Merton (1968) introduced the term role set to identify a number of roles attached to a single.