Transformational and generative grammars.

1. Describe the tree-diagram of the sentence. Who invented it?

2. Name the kernels and the four basic transform-rules.

Some practice:

1. Apply transform-rules (if necessary) and draw the tree-diagrams of the following sentences:

1) The boy will post the letter

2) The president was elected with six votes against

3) My friend should explain everything in class.

4) He asked me a question

5) The man persuaded John of going there

6) Did I order you to close the door?

7) The car was bought by the boy

8) Usually the boys in the family milked the goats in the morning

9) My friends were waiting for me at the station

10) My son realized that I had learnt where he wasted his money.

11) Did Debora buy an arm-chair at the sales?

12) My father was reading a paper, she was waiting in the corner.

13) It’s a typically English way to furnish a room.

14) A steep new road and many French flattened out to the hills in the North.

15) I expect Mr. Poirot wants to get to town.

16) Guns were firing from the fields behind the village and shells going away had a comfortable sound.

17) If you let yourself love a wild thing you’ll end up looking at the sky.

18) The weather is fine and I don’t know where to go.

19) His family is rather noble but his manners are awful.

20) Let me tell the truth or I may die.

Text grammar.

1. Name the text categories. Which of them deals with the integrity of the text?

2. What categories reflect the content of the text?

PRACTICAL TASK:

1. Point out means of expressing Text categories:

The three of them started for the door, and I watched them go. They were good-looking young fellows, wore good clothes; none of them wore hats, and they looked like they had plenty of money. They talked plenty of money, anyway, and they spoke the kind of English Cubans with money speak.

Two of them looked like brothers and the other one, Pancho, was a little taller but the same sort of looking kid. You know, slim, good clothes, and shiny hair. I didn’t figure he was as mean as he talked. I figured he was plenty nervous.

As they turned out of the door to the right, I saw a closed car come across the square toward them. The first thing a pane of glass went and the bullet smashed into the row of bottles on the show-case wall to the right. I heard the gun going and, bop, bop, bop, there were bottles smashing all along the wall.

I jumped behind the bar on the left side and could see looking over the edge. The car was stopped and there were two fellows crouched down by it. One had a Thompson gun and the other had a sawed-off automatic shotgun. The one with the Thompson gun was a nigger. The other had a chauffeur’s white overall on.

3. Analyze the following composite sentences:

   1. I’ll give you his telephone number, so that you won’t have to look it up.

   2. As it was raining, I brought an umbrella.

   3. I brought an umbrella, for it was raining.

   4. Now that school is over, you will have more free time.

   5. It was always possible that they might encounter some one.

   6. Our attitude simply is that facts are facts.

   7. I felt as if death had laid a hand on me.

   8. The question was how the matter was to be kept quiet.

   9. What we want to know is what the French are going to do now.

   10. I went on asking why he was in such a hurry.

   11. She was aware that someone else was there.

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE THEORY OF GRAMMAR