The Subject Matter of Grammar. Practical and Theoretical Grammar.
Grammar=bulk of the language. It's also an indicator of the social status.
The term Grammar came from Greek (art of writing), but later this word acquired a much wider sense and came to embrasethe whole study of the language/ Now in general Grammar is a synonim of linguistic. Grammar is the study of the structure of the human language.
Grammar
Practical(discription. answers the question "How?")
Theorethical(explanation, answers the question 'Why')
Generally speaking, theoretical grammar deals with the language, as a functional system.
Grammar= syntax+morphology. Grammar studies the formal properties of words and sentenses.
Morphology describes how words are structured and formed, how words constituent,how morphs and morphemes are formed, classified and combined. Syntax describes how words are arranged and combined into phrases and sentenses, and how they classified, combined into larger structures.
Aristotle. Wrote aboun nouns, adjectives and verbs. He also speculated about the difference of the oral and writing speech. He was also the first to describe syntactic structure of the sentense. Formed the basic of the modern linguistic analysis.
Aphomicos of Panini. Also led the basics of the modern syntactic theory/
Dyonysius Thrax was the first to set the school of what is known as traditional grammar.
Port Royal Grammar 1660. (monastery) 2 Monks Antone Arnoud. There was a supposition that language structures reflect our thoughts
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
*Prehistoric period
*Pre-scientific XVI-XX
- descriptive (how people were speaking)
-prescriptive (tells how to say smth)
*Scientific period (the end of XX- )(explanatory)
Prescriptive prescribed and stated rules of grammatical usage. They prohibited wrong and improper constructions and forms. They postulated the forms of correctness. All prescriptive grammars were based on latin grammar.
Continually grammars came to more sophisticated descriptive and explanatory. In 1891- Henry Sweet made classical grammar. the first who didn't prescribe. he found that wat was widely used is the onethat is grammatically correct. Thiswas the new approach. he also said that there were general grammatical conseptsand grammaticak categoriies. He prescribed the superiority of oral speech above the written one. Oral speech is spoken, then put on paper/
Jespersen Otto- another linguist. The gr8 Dane- because he emphasized the similarity and correspondence of the brain category and grammatical category. He rejected the traditional syntactic analysis and proposed a symbolyc representation of the structure of English. He proposed new techniques of linguistic description.
Theory of ranks. In any sentense: primaries, secondaries, tutiaries. Главные и второстепенные членыпредл-я изучаются в школе благодаря ему.
So, Jespersen and Sweet cre8ted the traditional grammar that we use now.