- •Учебное пособие
- •Требования к уровню освоения содержания курса. В результате изучения дисциплины обучаемые должны
- •Contents
- •The Notion of Style
- •2. The notion of Stylistics
- •The Objectives of Stylistics
- •4. The Place of Stylistics among other Language-Studying Sciences and its Peculiarities
- •Additional notes on lecture 1
- •Lecture 2. General notes of functional styles (fss) as a field of stylistic investigation
- •Functional Styles
- •Literary fSs Classification
- •Varieties Of Language
- •Functional Styles
- •Literary fSs Classification
- •3. Varieties Of Language
- •Lecture 3. Meanings of language units
- •1. Meanings of Language Units: a General Division
- •2. Stylistic (Pragmatic) Meaning
- •1. Meanings of Language Units: a General Division
- •2. Stylistic (Pragmatic) Meaning.
- •Additional notes on lecture 3.
- •3. The Difference between Semantics and Pragmatics.
- •Lecture 4. Expressive means and stylistic devices
- •2. General view on Figures of Speech
- •Additional notes on lecture 4.
- •I. Ancient Classifications
- •2. Hellenistic Roman Rhetoric System
- •II. Modern Classifications
- •Lecture 6. Phonetic eMs and sDs
- •Additional notes on lecture 6
- •Additional notes on lecture 8.
- •Oxymoron
- •Additional notes on lecture 9.
- •Additional notes on lecture 10.
- •Interaction Of Logical And Emotional Meanings in sDs of Interjections and exclamatory words
- •Interaction Of Logical And Emotional Meanings.
- •Interjections and exclamatory words
- •Interjections
- •2) Proverbs and sayings.
- •Reasons for using quotations
- •Common quotation sources
- •Additional notes on lecture 11.
- •Lecture 12. Syntactical ems and sds syntactical ems and sds based on the arrangement of words in a sentence & sentences in a paragraph
- •Additional notes on lecture 12.
- •Lecture 13. Syntactical ems and sds based on abundance or absence of some language elements
- •3. Parallelism (Parallel Constructions)
- •An example of a parallel sentence is:
- •II. Syntactical sDs Based on Absence of Some Language Elements
- •Additional notes on lecture 13
- •Asyndeton
- •Polysyndeton
- •Additional notes on lecture 14.
- •Rhetorical Questions
- •Litotes
- •Syntactical Hyperbole
- •Additional notes on lecture 15.
- •Lecture 16. Overview: stylistic features of english functional styles
- •Stylistically marked groups of words
- •Distinctive Stylistic Features Of Functional Styles Of English
- •2.Distinctive Stylistic Features Of English Functional Styles
- •Commentary to the table.
- •Additional notes on lecture 15.
- •Glossary
- •Contributions Main
- •Additional
2.Distinctive Stylistic Features Of English Functional Styles
Distinctive stylistic features of major English FSs are presented in the following table:
Style
Level |
Literary Colloquial style |
Familiar colloquial style (spoken variety) |
Publicist (media) style
|
The style of official documents
|
Scientific/Academic style
|
Phonetic |
Compression of frequently used forms (it’s don’t, I’ve), omission of non-stressed elements (you know him?) |
Casual, often careless pronunciation, deviant forms (gonna=going to), reduced forms (they've, I'd), omission of unaccented elements due to quick tempo (you hear me?), emphasis on intonation, onomatopoea. |
Standard pronunciation, wide use of prosody as a means of conveying the shades of meaning, overtones and emotions. Phonetic compression.
|
Adherence to the norm |
Adherence to the norm |
Morphological |
Use of regular features, with interception of evaluative suffixes (doggie, duckie) |
Use of evaluative suffixes, nonce words formed on morphological and phonetic analogy with other nominal words (baldish, moody, hanky-panky). |
Frequent use of non-finite verb forms (gerund, participle, infinitive), non-perfect verb forms, omission of articles, link verbs, auxiliaries, pronouns, especially in headlines and news items. |
Adherence to the norm, sometimes outdated or even archaic, e. g. in legal documents.
|
Terminological word building and word-derivation: neologism formation by affixation and conversion. Restricted use of finite verb forms. Use of 'the author's we' instead of I. Impersonal constructions. |
Lexical |
Formal and informal, neutral and bookish, terms and foreign words, abbreviations, conversational formulas, intensifiers and gap-fillers (awfully, kind of), exclamations, phrasal verbs.
|
Combination of neutral, familiar and low colloquial vocabulary, including slang, vulgar, taboo, curse words and euphemisms, the same word in different meanings, colloquial interjections (boy, wow), hyperbole, epithets, evaluative vocabulary, trite metaphors and simile, tautology. |
Newspaper cliches and set phrases, terms from various spheres, acronyms, proper names, abstract, elevated and bookish words. Headlines: pun, violated phraseology. Oratory: elevated and colloquial words, metaphor, alliteration, allusion, irony, etc. |
Prevalence of stylistically neutral and bookish vocabulary. Use of legal, commercial terminology; of proper names, abbreviations. Official clichés, conventional and archaic forms and words: hereof, thereto, thereby. Foreign words, especially Latin and French: status quo, persona поп grata. |
Bookish words (presume, cognitive), scientific terminology and phraseology, use of words in their primary dictionary meaning. Seldom use of tropes, interjections, expressive phraseology, phrasal verbs, colloquial vocabulary connotative contextual meanings, neologisms, proper names. |
Syntactical |
Simple sentences with participial, infinitive constructions, parentheses, compliance with the literary norm, syntactical compression, decomposition and ellipsis of sentences in a dialogue, use of special colloquial phrases (that charming hubby of hers) |
Dialogues: the question-answer type. Use of simple short sentences, echo questions, parallel structures, ellipses, repetitions, asyndetic coordination in complex sentences. |
Oratory: rhetorical questions, interrogatives Headlines: impersonal, interrogative sentences, elliptical constructions, attributive groups. News items: comprise one to three sentences with prepositional phrases, no complex coordination, exclamatory sentences. |
Long complex sentences (up to 70% of the text), passive and participial constructions, numerous connectives, detached constructions, parenthesis, participle I and II as openers in the initial statement.
|
standard syntax, logical sequence of thought and argumentation, direct word order, lengthy sentences with subordinate clauses, participial, gerundial and infinitive complexes, adverbial and prepositional phrases, parenthesis introduced by a dash. Frequent use of passive and non-finite verb forms, impersonal forms. Avoidance of ellipsis. |
Compositional |
Used in written and spoken varieties: dialogue, monologue, personal letters, diaries, essays, articles, etc. Spontaneous types have a loose structure, relative coherence and uniformity of form and content. |
Use of deviant language on all levels, strong emotional colouring, loose syntax, little coherence with the topic, no special compositional patterns.
|
Text: precision, logic and expressive power, selected vocabulary, quotations, direct and represented speech, parallel constructions. Oratory: simplicity of structural expression, clarity of message, argumentative power. Headlines: devices to arrest attention (rhyme, pun, puzzle, high degree of compression, graphical means). News items and articles: strict arrangement of titles and subtitles, emphasis on the headline. Careful subdivision into paragraphs, importance of the opening paragraph. |
Special compositional design: coded graphical layout, clear-cut subdivision of texts into units of information; logical arrangement of these units, stereotyped, official phraseology, accurate punctuation, objective, concrete, unemotional and impersonal style of narration.
|
Types of texts compositionally depend on the scientific genre (monograph, article, presentation, thesis, dissertation, etc), formalized text with formulae, tables, diagrams supplied with concise commentary phrases, descriptive narration, supplied with argumentation and interpretation. Logical and consistent narration, sequential presentation of material and facts. Citation, references and foot-notes. Restricted use of expressive means and stylistic devices. |