Міністерство освіти і науки України Сумський державний університет

Методичні вказівки

з англійської мови для студентів 2-го курсу спеціальності 7.110101 «Лікувальна справа» денної форми навчання

Суми Видавництво СумДу 2007

Методичні вказівки з англійської мода студентів 2-го курсу спеціальності 7.110101 «Лікувальна справа» Укладач Н.Г. Горобченко. - Суми: Вид-во СумДУ, 2007. - 52 с.

Кафедра іноземних мов

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Task 1 Pronounce and memorize the meaning of the following words and expressions:

Internal (external) secretion - внутрішня (зовнішня) секреція

Pituitary gland'—придаток мозку (гіпофіз)

Thyroid gland — щитовидна залоза

Parathyroid gland— паращитовидна залоза

Adrenal gland — надниркова залоза

Gonads - гонади (статеві залози)

Ovaries - яєчники

Testes — яєчка

Pineal gland - шишковидна залоза Thymus gland - підгрудинна залоза Mammary gland - молочна залоза Mucous gland - слизова залоза Lacrymal gland — слізна залоза Sweat glands — потові залози

То cause smth. - спричиняти щось (якусь хворобу, тощо) То augment smth. - збільшувати щось

Pregnancy-sustaining hormone - гормон, що сприяє збереженню вагітності

The body hardening - загартування тіла

То be decomposed by — розкладатися під дією чогось

Oxidative processes - окислювальні процеси

Task 2 Read and comprehend the text. Get ready to put questions upon the content and to narrate it:

The endocrine system regulates and varied functions of an organism by means of specific chemical substances released from glands into the bloodstream. The glands are located in different regions of the body: The chemical substances called hormones can change the status, structure of organs and tissues. Some hormones stimulate the growth of bones, the others can control metabolism within the cells of the body; There are glands of internal secretion (endocrine glands) and glands of external secretion (exocrine

glands). The former secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream and the latter into ducts which lead to the exterior of the body.

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, pineal gland and thymus gland belong to ^ endocrine glands.; Mammary, mucous, salivary, lacrimal and sweat glands belong to exocrine ones. The pituitary (hypothesis) is rather a small gland which is composed of two lobes (anterior and posterior) adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis accordingly, located at the base of the brain. Adenohypophysis produces hormone called somatotropin (growth hormone) (STH), which stimulates protein synthesis in organs and tissues and causes growth. Secretion of ' growth hormone continues throughout the organism's life. ._u Overproduction of somatotropin in childhood leads to gigantism and in adult life it may cause acromegaly (enlarges fingers, toes, hands, feet, jaw, nose). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is also produced by adenohypophysis. This hormone (thyrotrophic) stimulates the growth of the thyroid gland. Thyrotropin is secreted continuously in small amounts. With cooling of the body secretion of thyrotropin is increased and heat production is raised. This phenomenon is very important in the body Hardening as it means that the resistence of the body to cold can be encreased by training. Adenohypophysis is also responsible for producing adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH). They stimulate the growth of the adrenal cortex and activate hormone synthesis in menu Secretion of ACTH by the pituitary is augmented in stress. Anterior pituitary produces also the gonadotropic hormones. They stimulate the growth of eggs in the ovaries in the female.

The thyroid gland which is located on either side of the trachea below the thyroid cartilage is composed of a right and left lobe. The gland is richly supplied with blood and lymphatic vessels. The hormone secreted by this gland is called thyroxine. The caracteristic action of the thyroid hormones is their effect on the energy metabolism. Besides, some of these hormones sharply activate oxidative process. Thyroxine intensifies the expenditure of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

Parathyroid glands are located on the dorsal side of the thyroid gland. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium level in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid.

Pancreas is located behind the stomach. It produces hormones which are called islets of Langerhans (after the scientist who discovered them). The hormones of pancreas are insulin and glucagon which regulate the due metabolism of sugars and starches in the body.

The adrenal glands which also are called the suprarenal glands are situated one on top of each kidney. They consist of two parts, the medulla and the cortex. The adrenal cortex produces the groups of hormones, such as mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones (androgens and oestrogens). The amount of mineral salts is regulated by mineralocorticoids. The metabolism of sugars, fats and proteins within all body cells is influences by the glucocorticoids. Androgens and oestrogens play an extremely important role in the development of the genitalia in childhood and later maintain the secondary sex characteristics and are necessary for reproduction. Adrenaline influences intracellular metabolism, intensifies and accelerates cardiac contraction. It also constricts the arteriols of the skin, the abdominal organs, delates bronchial tubes and stimulates the production glucose from a substance called glycogen. Noradrenaline stimulates uterine contraction and in man it increases the peripheral vascular resistance and systolic and diastolic pressure. Both adrenaline and noradrenaline raise blood pressure, increase heart beat and respiration.

The pineal gland is located in the middle of the brain. This gland secretes melatonin which affects skin pigmentation (it causes the skin to turn a lighter color). This gland is thought to work as a "biological clock" because exposure to light inhibits production of melatonin. Its function is obscure to some extent as some scientists state it.

The thymus gland is a ductless gland located in the mediastinum behind the sternum and extends into the neck. It is large in childhood and it shrinks in size in adults. Some scientists believe

that the thymus plays a certain role in the immune process in the body. The exact function of the gland is also rather uncertain.

Task 3 Find explanation in the text above. Choose the answers given

below:

1. What does somatotropin stimulates?

1. Why is overproduction of somatotropin detrimental in childhood?

2. What may growth hormone cause in adult life?

3. What phenomenon is rather important in the body hardening?

2. What lobe of the pituitary gland is responsible for producing adrenocorticotropic hormones?

4. What hormone stimulates the production of milk?

5. What do gonadotropins influence in the male?

3. Why should prolactin be administered subcutaneously or intravenously?

6. Where is the thyroid gland located?

7. What does thyroxine intensify?

1. because it leads to gigantism

2. with cooling of the body secretion of thyrotropinis increased and heat production is raised

c) the development of testes and spermatozoa

d) it may cause acromegaly

5. luteotropin

6. the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)

7. protein synthesis in organs and causes growth

h) on either side of trachea

i) the expenditure of carbohydrates, fats and proteins

j) it is decomposed by the digestive enzymes

Task 4 Support or challenge the following statements using expressions:

1 That's right. Quite right. That's just so.

2 No, that is wrong. That's not true. Quite on the contrary. But they can..., etc.

1. The hormones cannot change the structure of organs and tissue.

2. The glands of internal secretion are called endocrine glands.

3. The pituitary and thyroid glands belong to exocrine glands.

4. The milk secreting gland is an exocrine gland called mammary.

5. Three pairs of glands in the mouth that secrete saliva are called lacrimal glands, aren't they?

6. Lacrimal and sweat glands belong to endocrine glands, don't they?

7. The pituitary is located at the base of the brain.

Task 5 Answer the questions to the text. Choose the answers below:

1. By what means does the endocrine system regulate varied functions of an organism?

1. Where are the hormones released from?

2. What can the hormones change in the human body?

3. What glands are of internal secretion?

4. What glands are exocrine ones?

5. What glands regulate calcium level in the blood?

2. Why do the hormones of pancreas play an important role in the function of human organism?

6. What is the function of a thymus gland?

1. plays a certain role in immune process

1. regulate due metabolism of sugars and starches

2. parathyroid glands

3. glands of internal secretion

4. the status, structure of organism

5. glands

6. hormones

h) glands of external secretion

Task 6 Read the article from "Newsweek" and get ready to discuss

it.