Unit 3. Cellular organization

Did you know?

A fully grown human is made up

of about 10 trillions cells!

Essential vocabulary

Assembly to acquire adjacent

bacterium to arise aerobic

centriole to bound anaerobic

chromosome to consume capable

cytoplasm to convert complex

endocytosis to convey compound

entity to distinguish distinct

feature to fold diverse

findings to include endoplasmic

fungus to magnify hereditary

fusion to occur heterotrophic

gene to permit hollow

genome to surround numerous

layer to survive rigid

mammal spherical

mitochondrion

nutrition

organelle

to occur

phagocytosis

reticulum

sequence

vesicle

vacuole

1. Прочтите слова, попытайтесь перевести их, не пользуясь словарем, определите часть речи:

Aspect, combine, coordinate, cytology, cytosol, diameter, discipline, homeostatic, human, interest, mechanism, medial, microscopic, oocyte, organelle, physical, physiology, somatic, trillion, vital.

2. Образуйте однокоренные слова, используя префиксы и суффиксы:

Prefix	Base word	Suffix
A- Dis- Extra- Intra- Non- Re- Un-	act bacterium cell chromosome cytoplasm fungus heredity mammal to present product type to vary	- al -ar - ary -ent - ety - ian - ic - ion - ity - ive - tion - ous

Аналитическое чтение.

Cells.

Cells are very small indeed - a typical cell is only about 0.1 mm in diameter. Cells have a variety of forms and functions. They create and maintain all anatomical structures and perform all vital physiological functions.

The human body contains trillions of cells, and all our activities - from running to thinking - result from the combined and coordinated responses of millions or even billions of cells. Yet each cell can function as an individual entity, responding to a variety of environmental cues. As a result, anyone interested in understanding how the human body functions must first become familiar with basic concepts of cell biology.

Many insights into human physiology arose from studies of the functioning of individual cells. What we have learned over the last 50 years has given us a new understanding of cellular physiology and the mechanisms of homeostatic control. Today, the study of cellular structure and function, or cytology, is a part of the broader discipline of cell biology, incorporating aspects of biology, chemistry, and physics.

The human body contains two general classes of cells: sex cells and somatic cells. Sex cells are also called germ cells or reproductive cells. Somatic cells (soma, body) include all the other cells in the human body.

Our representative cell is surrounded by a watery medium known as the extracellular fluid. The extracellular fluid in most tissues is called interstitial fluid (interstitium, something standing between). A cell membrane is to separate the cell contents, or cytoplasm, from the extracellular fluid. The cytoplasm can itself be subdivided into the cytosol, a liquid, and intracellular structures collectively known as organelles.

Grammar 1. Модальные глаголы can, may, must, need и их эквиваленты.

2. Неличные формы глагола. Причастие (Participle).

3. Страдательный залог времен группы Indefinite.

1. Найдите в тексте Cells примеры модальных глаголов. Объясните их значение. Замените модальные глаголы на эквиваленты. Изменился ли при этом смысл предложения?

2. Измените предложение, используя различные модальные глаголы. Переведите предложения.

a) Researchers can create and maintain optimal conditions during an experiment.

were able

have to

must

are to

b) The students can start the experiment.

are able

may

are to

need

3. Найдите в тексте Cells примеры Participle, определите их функцию.

4. Прочтите текст, измените предложения, чтобы сказуемое было выражено страдательным залогом (там, где это возможно).

In 1665, Robert Hooke, using a compound microscope, discovered that cork was composed of numerous small units. He called these units cells. In the years that followed, Hooke and other researchers discovered that cells compose many other types of material. By 1838, the amount of plant material composed of cells convinced Matthias Schleiden, a German botanist, that cells made up all plants. The following year, Theodor Schwann reached the same conclusion about the organization of animals. Their joint findings became known as the cell theory. It was of considerable biological significance as it unified the nature of organisms. The theory makes the

cell the fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms. Hooke had originally thought the cell to be hollow. With the development of better light microscopes, first the nucleus and then organelles such as the chloroplasts became visible. The development of the electron microscope revolutionized our understanding of cell structure. With its ability to magnify up to 500 times more than the light microscope, the electron microscope revealed the fine structure of cells including many new organelles. This detail is called the ultrastructure of the cell. The complexity of cellular structure led to the emergence of a new field of biology,

cytology - the study of cell ultrastructure. This shows that while organisms are very diverse in their structures and cells vary considerably in size and shape, there is a remarkable similarity in their basic structure and organization.

Summary

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