KYIV INTERNATIONAL
UNIVERSITY
для студентів 3 курсу Інституту
міжнародних відносин
Human
Rights
Права
людини
Навчально-методична
розробка
для студентів 3 курсу
Інституту міжнародних відносин
Уклала:
Курілова Ю.О.,
доцент кафедри германських
мов КиМУ
Рецензенти:
Титаренко О.Ю.,
кандидат філологічних наук, доцент
кафедри англійської філології факультету
іноземної філології НПУ ім. М.П.
Драгоманова
Мизин Т.О.,
кандидат філологічних
наук, професор КиМУ
Обговорено та схвалено
на засіданні кафедри германських мов
Протокол № 10 від 21 травня
2009 року
The main aim of this work
is to familiarize students with such topic as Human Rights and other
topics, give the opportunity to learn lexical and grammatical
material connected with this topics. The structure of each part was
worked out to reach this aim. Students should read and learn new
words and expressions, read and translate given texts, do the
exercises (fill in the prepositions, words, match the beginning and
the end of the sentences, find synonyms in the text, find English
equivalents in the text, translate sentences using active words and
others) and retell the texts using new words and expressions.
The texts contribute not only to the development
of professional literature reading skills but also have new
necessary, important information for modern student.
Part 1. Declaration of Human
Rights……………..…....5
2. Part2. A short history of the Human Rights
Movement. Early political, religious and philosophical
sources………………………………………….…….…15
3. Part 3. Modern Human Rights Movement.
Amnesty International
…………………………………….……..23
Part 4. Human Rights Watch …………………..……..31
Part 5. Amnesty International………………….……..39
Part 6. Human Rights activists………………………..45
Part 7. Human rights violation.
Discrimination.……..53
Learn the words
to adopt прийняти,
схвалити
to proclaim проголосити
to
disseminate розповсюджувати,
поширювати
to
expound пояснювати,
інтерпретувати
inherent
невід’ємний, вроджений
dignity гідність
inalienable
rights невід’ємні
права
barbarous
acts варварські
дії
rebellion бунт,
повстання
to
pledge урочисто
обіцяти; віддавати під заставу
to
strive боротися;
докладати зусиль; вступати в конфлікт
to
be
entitled мати
право, бути вповноваженим
servitude рабство,
неволя, каторга
to be subjected
to піддаватися
чомусь
remedy засіб
судового захисту
arbitrary
arrest,
detention
or
exile незаконний
арешт, затримання та вигнання
public
hearing громадські
слухання
impartial
tribunal справедливий,
неупереджений суд
to be charged with бути
звинуваченим у
to be presumed
innocent ввтися
невиновним
reputation репутація,
слава
to be
deprived of бути
позбавленним
genuine
elections чесні
вибори
suffrage право
голосу, виборче право
remuneration винагороа,
компнсація
compulsory обов’язковий
available доступний
On December
10, 1948 the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted and
proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights the full text
of which appears in the following pages. Following this historic act
the Assembly called upon all Member countries to publicize the text
of the Declaration and "to cause it to be disseminated,
displayed, read and expounded principally in schools and other
educational institutions, without distinction based on the political
status of countries or territories."
Preamble
Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and
inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the
foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,
Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in
barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and
the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of
speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed
as the highest aspiration of the common people,
Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have
recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and
oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of
law,
Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly
relations between nations,
Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter
reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity
and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and
women and have determined to promote social progress and better
standards of life in larger freedom,
Whereas Member States have pledged themselves
to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion
of universal respect for and observance of human rights and
fundamental freedoms,
Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of
the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge,
Now,
Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a
common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to
the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping
this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and
education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by
progressive measures, national and international, to secure their
universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the
peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of
territories under their jurisdiction.
Article 1All
human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are
endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one
another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 2.Everyone is entitled
to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration,
without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social
origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction
shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or
international status of the country or territory to which a person
belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or
under any other limitation of sovereignty.
Article 3.Everyone has the right
to life, liberty and security of person.
Article 4.No one shall be held
in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be
prohibited in all their forms.
Article 5.No one shall be
subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment.
Article 6.Everyone has the right
to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
Article 7.All are equal before
the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal
protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against
any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any
incitement to such discrimination.
Article 8.Everyone has the right
to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts
violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or
by law.
Article 9.No one shall be
subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.
Article 10.Everyone is entitled
in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and
impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and
obligations and of any criminal charge against him.
Article 11.(1) Everyone charged
with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until
proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had
all the guarantees necessary for his defence. (2) No one shall be
held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission
which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or
international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a
heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the
time the penal offence was committed.
Article 12.No one shall be
subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home
or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation.
Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such
interference or attacks.
Article 13.(1) Everyone has the
right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of
each state. (2) Everyone has the right to leave any country,
including his own, and to return to his country.
Article 14.(1) Everyone has the
right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from
persecution. (2) This right may not be invoked in the case of
prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from
acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Article 15.(1) Everyone has the
right to a nationality. (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of
his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.
Article 16.(1) Men and women of
full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or
religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are
entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its
dissolution. (2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free
and full consent of the intending spouses. (3) The family is the
natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to
protection by society and the State.
Article 17.(1) Everyone has the
right to own property alone as well as in association with others.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.
Article 18.Everyone has the
right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right
includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom,
either alone or in community with others and in public or private,
to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship
and observance.
Article 19.Everyone has the
right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes
freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive
and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of
frontiers.
Article 20.(1) Everyone has the
right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. (2) No one
may be compelled to belong to an association.
Article 21.(1) Everyone has the
right to take part in the government of his country, directly or
through freely chosen representatives. (2) Everyone has the right of
equal access to public service in his country. (3) The will of the
people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will
shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be
by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or
by equivalent free voting procedures.
Article 22.Everyone, as a member
of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to
realization, through national effort and international co-operation
and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State,
of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his
dignity and the free development of his personality.
Article 23.(1) Everyone has the
right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable
conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. (2)
Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for
equal work. (3) Everyone who works has the right to just and
favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an
existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary,
by other means of social protection.(4) Everyone has the right to
form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.
Article 24.Everyone
has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation
of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.
Article 25.(1)
Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the
health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food,
clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services,
and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness,
disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in
circumstances beyond his control(2) Motherhood and childhood are
entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born
in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.
Article 26.(1)
Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at
least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education
shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be
made generally available and higher education shall be equally
accessible to all on the basis of merit. (2) Education shall be
directed to the full development of the human personality and to the
strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.
It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all
nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the
activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. (3)
Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that
shall be given to their children.
Article 27.(1)
Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of
the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific
advancement and its benefits. (2) Everyone has the right to the
protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any
scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the
author.
Article 28.Everyone is entitled
to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms
set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.
Article 29.(1) Everyone has
duties to the community in which alone the free and full development
of his personality is possible. (2) In the exercise of his rights
and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as
are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due
recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of
meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the
general welfare in a democratic society. (3) These rights and
freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and
principles of the United Nations.
Article 30.Nothing in this
Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or
person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act
aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth
herein.
визнання
гідності
зневажання
і
нехтування
правами людини
сприяти
розвиткові
дружніх
відносин
між
народами
сприяти
соціальному
прогресові
наділені
розумом
і
совістю
в дусі
братерства
кожна
людина
повинна мати
всі
права
ніхто
не повинен зазнавати
тортур
усі
люди мають
право на
ефективне
поновлення
у правах
безпідставний
арешт
людина,
обвинувачена
у вчиненні
злочину
безпідставне
посягання
на недоторканність
житла
шукати
притулку
від
переслідувань
право не може
бути використане
бути безпідставно
позбавленим
громадянства
шлюб
може
укладатися
тільки
при вільній
і
повній
згоді
сторін,
що
одружуються
поширювати
інформацію
бути примушеним
вступати
до будь-якої
асоціації
нефальсифіковані
вибори
шляхом таємного
голосування
соціальне
забезпечення
справедливі
і
сприятливі
умови
праці
захист
від
безробіття
право на рівну
оплату за рівну
працю
забезпечувати
гідне існування
створювати професійні спілки
обмеження
робочого
дня
підтримання
здоров'я
і
добробуту
бути спрямованим
на повний
розвиток
людської
особистості
сприяти взаєморозумінню, терпимості
і дружбі
повинна сприяти діяльності Організації
Об'єднаних Націй по підтриманню миру
маюти
право пріоритету
у
мати
обов'язки
перед суспільством
суперечити
цілям
і
принципам
1. ______
December 10, 1948 the General Assembly of the United Nations
adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
2. The
Assembly called _______ all Member countries to publicize the text
of the Declaration.
3. Member
States have pledged themselves to achieve, _____ co-operation with
the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect _______ and
observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms.
4. They
are endowed _______ reason and conscience and should act _____ one
another ____ a spirit of brotherhood.
5. No
distinction shall be made ______ the basis of the political,
jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory
to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust,
non-self-governing or _______ any other limitation ____ sovereignty.
6. No
one shall be subjected _____ torture or ____ cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment or punishment.
7. All
are equal _____ the law and are entitled _____ any discrimination
_____ equal protection of the law.
8.
Everyone charged ______ a penal offence has the right to be presumed
innocent _____ proved guilty according _____ law ____ a public
trial.
9. No
one shall be held guilty ____ any penal offence ______ account _____
any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence,
_______ national or international law, _______ the time when it was
committed.
10.
Marriage shall be entered _______ only ______ the free and full
consent _____ the intending spouses.
association conscience merit remuneration will
arbitrarily servitude assembly favorable
entitled
1. No one shall be __________ deprived of his nationality nor denied
the right to change his nationality.
2. Everyone has the right to own property alone as
well as in _______ with others.
3. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought,
_____ and religion.
4. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful
______ and association.
5. The ____ of the people shall be the basis of the
authority of government.
6. Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of
employment, to just and _______ conditions of work and to protection
against unemployment.
7. Everyone who works has the right to just and
favourable _______ ensuring for himself and his family
8. Motherhood and childhood are ______ to special
care and assistance.
9. Technical and professional education shall be
made generally available and higher education shall be equally
accessible to all on the basis of ______.
10. No one shall be held in slavery or ________ . 1 On
December 10, 1948 the General Assembly of the United Nations
adopted and proclaimed
I
material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or
artistic production of which he is the author.
2
Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable
limitation
II
and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and
fundamental freedoms.
3
They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act
III
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights the full text of which
appears in the following pages. 4
Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for
any State, group or person any right to
IV
of working hours and periodic holidays with pay. 5
All are equal before the law and are entitled
V
crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of
the United Nations. 6
Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his
country,
VI
engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the
destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein. 7
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery
VII
without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. 8
Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and
VIII
towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. 9
Education shall be directed to the full development of the human
personality
IX
directly or through freely chosen representatives. 10
This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions
genuinely arising from non-political X
and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.
Ніхто не очікував, що декларація прав
людини стане таким важливим документом.
Вони не думали, що неупереджений суд
схвалить таке рішення.
Прокурор вимагав, щоб мітенгуючих
покарали за розповсюдження недостовірної
інформація та неправильне інтерпретування
багатьох фактів.
Учасники повстання змусили уряд
припинити варварські дії, які порушували
невід’ємні права людини.
Люди хотіли, щоб їх лідер урочисто
пообіцяв боротися за їх права.
Адвокат намагався переконати прокурора,
що арешт його клієнта був незаконним.
Ми не хочемо, щоб люди в нашій країні
були позбавлені права голосу.
to violate the law порушити
закон
to
enumerate перераховувати
governmental
interference втручання
уряду
to
inherit успадкувати
property власність,
майно
excessive
taxes надмірні
податки
due process належна
правова процедура
equality before the law рівність
пред законом
provision положення
bribery хабарнтцтво
official
misconduct халатність,
посадовий злочин
to call
on закликати
to delineate
limits on
power обмежувати
владу
vigorously палко
baseless безпідставний
to draw
on викликати,
призводити до
to bring
about викликати,
призводити до, реалізувати
to endow наділяти
unalienable
rights невід’ємні
права
labor union
профспілка
credibility довіра
atrocity жорстокість
slavery рабство
serfdom кріпацтво
The concept of human rights has existed under several names in
European thought for many centuries, at least since the time of King
John of England. After the king violated a number of ancient laws
and customs by which England had been governed, his subjects forced
him to sign the Magna Carta, or Great Charter, which enumerates a
number of what later came to be thought as human rights. Among them
were the rights of the church to be free from governmental
interference, the rights of all free citizens to own and inherit
property and be free from excessive taxes. It established the right
of widows who owned property to choose not to remarry, and
established principles of due process and equality before the law.
It also contained provisions forbidding bribery and official
misconduct.
The political and religious traditions in other parts of the world
also proclaimed what have come to be called human rights, calling on
rulers to rule justly and compassionately, and delineating limits on
their power over the lives, property and activities of other
citizens.
In the eighteens and nineteenth centuries in Europe several
philosophers proposed the concept of “natural rights”, rights
belonging to a person by nature and because he was a human being,
not by virtue of his citizenship in a particular country or
membership in a particular religious or ethnic group. This concept
was vigorously debated and rejected by some philosophers as
baseless. Others saw it as a formulation of the underlying principle
on which all ideas of citizens’ rights and political and religious
liberties were based.
In the late 1700s two revolutions occurred which drew heavily on
this concept. In 1776 most of the British colonies in North America
proclaimed their independence from the British Empire in a document
which still stirs feelings and debates, the US Declaration of
Independence.
We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created
equal, that they are endowed by the creator with certain unalienable
rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness.
In 1789 the people of France overthrew their monarchy and
established the First French Republic. Out of the revolution came
the “Declaration of the Rights of Men”.
The term “natural rights” eventually fell
into disfavor, but the concept of universal rights took root.
Philosophers such as Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill, and Henry David
Thoreau expended the concept. Thoreau is the first philosopher to
use the term “human rights”. He did it in his treatise, Civil
Disobedience. This work has been
extremely influential on individuals as different as Lei Tolstoy,
Mahatma Gandhi, and Martin Luther King. Gandhi and King, in
particular, developed their ideas on non-violent resistance to
unethical government actions from this work.
Other early proponents of human rights were
English philosophers John Stuart Mill, in his Essay
on Liberty, and American political
theorist Thomas Paine in his essay, The
Rights of the Men.
The middle and late nineteenth century saw a number of issues take
center stage, many of them we in the late twentieth century would
consider human rights issues. They included slavery, serfdom, brutal
working conditions, starvation wages, child labor, and, in the
Americas, the “Indian Problem”, as it was known at that time. In
the United States a bloody war over slavery came close to destroying
a country founded only eighty years earlier on the premise that “all
men are created equal”. Russia freed its serfs the year that war
began. Neither the emancipated American slaves nor the freed Russian
serfs saw a real degree of freedom or basic rights for many more
decades, however.
For the last part if the nineteenth and the first half of the
twentieth century, though, human rights activism remained largely
tied to political and religious groups and beliefs. Revolutionaries
pointed at the atrocities of governments as proof that their
ideology was necessary to bring about change and end the
government’s abuses. Many people, disgusted with the actions of
government in power, first got involved with revolutionary groups
because of this. The governments then pointed at bombings,
strike-related violence, and growth in violent crime and social
disorder as reasons why a stern approach towards dissent was
necessary.
Neither group had any credibility with the other and most had little
or no credibility with uninvolved citizens, because their concerns
were generally political, not humanitarian. Politically partisan
protests often just encouraged more oppression, and uninvolved
citizens who got caught in the crossfire usually cursed both sides
and made no efforts to listen to the reason given by either.
Nonetheless many specific civil rights and human rights movements
managed to affect profound social changes during this time. Labor
unions brought about laws granting workers the right to strike,
establishing minimum work conditions, forbidding or regulating child
labor, establishing a forty hour work week in the United States and
many European countries, etc. The women’s rights movement
succeeded in gaining for many women the right to vote. National
liberation movements in many countries succeeded in driving out
colonial powers. One of the most influential was Mahatma Ghandi’s
movement to free his native India from British rule. Movements by
long-oppressed racial and religious minorities succeeded in many
parts of the world, among them the US Civil Rights Movement.
1.
Якби він не порушив
закони, його владу б не обмежили.
2. Якби в профспілках не процвітало
хабарництво, люди б не втратили довіру
до цієї організації.
3. Якби не втручання уряду, їм би так і
не вдалося скасувати надмірні податки.
4. Шкода, що в цьому законі немає жодного
положення, яке б передбачало покарання
за посадові злочини.
5. Якби рабство
чи кріпацтво існувало і досі, то значна
частина людей була б позбавлена своїх
невід’ємних прав.
6. Якби не належна правова процедура,
було б важко досягти рівності перед
законом.
7. Він поводиться так, ніби його жорстокість
могла б призвести до якогось позитивного
результату.
8. Якби він успадкував хоч якусь власність,
цього б злочину могло і не статися.
9. Якби ці звинувачення були безпідставними,
нас би не закликали ігнорувати їх.
10. Шкода, що опозиція
намагається викликати
незадоволення виборців.
1 as a result of the fact that
2 to limit the power
3 the main rules
4 to be violently discussed
5 to influence something strongly
6 to
lose one's
favor
7 strike
root
8 develop
9 followers
10 extremely low income
1. The political and religious traditions _____ other parts of the
world also proclaimed what have come to be called human rights,
calling _____ rulers to rule justly and compassionately.
2. ____the
United States a bloody war _______
slavery came close _____
destroying a country founded only eighty years earlier ______
the premise that “all men are created equal”.
3. The term “natural rights” eventually fell
______ disfavor.
4. Many people, disgusted ________
the actions of government _____ power,
first got involved _______
revolutionary groups because of this.
5. Neither group had any credibility ______
the other and most had little or no credibility _____
uninvolved citizens, because their concerns were generally
political, not humanitarian.
6. Labor unions brought _______
laws granting workers the right to strike, establishing minimum work
conditions.
7. ______
the late 1700s two revolutions occurred which drew heavily ______
this concept
8. The women’s rights movement succeeded ______
gaining ____
many women the right to vote.
due process misconduct
delineating limits
underlying principle
stirs feelings
serfs
atrocities
partisan protests
profound
colonial powers
1. It established the right of widows who owned property to choose
not to remarry, and established principles of _________ and equality
before the law.
2. Neither the emancipated American slaves nor
the freed Russian _______ saw
a real degree of freedom or basic rights for many more decades
3. Politically ________
often just encouraged more oppression, and uninvolved citizens who
got caught in the crossfire usually cursed both sides and made no
efforts to listen to the reason given by either.
4. Others saw it as a formulation of the _______
on which all ideas of citizens’ rights
and political and religious liberties were based.
5. Revolutionaries pointed at the ______
of governments as proof that their ideology was necessary to bring
about change and end the government’s abuses.
6. The political and religious traditions in
other parts of the world also proclaimed what have come to be called
human rights, calling on rulers to rule justly and compassionately,
and ________ on their power over the lives, property and activities
of other citizens
7. Nonetheless many specific civil rights and
human rights movements managed to affect _____
social changes during this time
8. In 1776 most of the British colonies in North
America proclaimed their independence from the British Empire in a
document which still _______ and
debates, the US Declaration of Independence.
9. National liberation movements in many
countries succeeded in driving out ________.
10. It contained provisions forbidding bribery
and official ______ .7. Match the
beginning and the end of the sentences.
1
In the eighteens and nineteenth centuries in Europe several
philosophers proposed the concept of “natural rights”, rights
belonging to a person by
I human rights activism
remained largely tied to political and religious groups and
beliefs. 2 The middle and late
nineteenth century saw a number of issues take center stage,
II was necessary to bring
about change and end the government’s abuses. 3 The governments then pointed
at bombings, strike-related violence, and growth in violent crime
III
nature and because he was a human being, not by virtue of his
citizenship in a particular country or membership in a particular
religious or ethnic group.
4 Revolutionaries pointed at
the atrocities of governments as proof that their ideology
IV in many parts of the world,
among them the US Civil Rights Movement. 5 One of the most influential
was Mahatma Ghandi’s
V under many centuries, at
least since the time of King John of England. 6 For the last part if the
nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century, though,
VI to choose not to remarry,
and established principles of due process and equality before the
law.
7 Movements by long-oppressed
racial and religious minorities succeeded
VII movement to free his
native India from British rule. 8 The concept of human rights
has existed
VIII many of them we in the
late twentieth century would consider human rights issues. 9 It established the right of
widows who owned property
IX and social disorder as
reasons why a stern approach towards dissent was necessary. 10
The governments then pointed at bombings, strike-related
violence, and growth in violent crime
X and social disorder as
reasons why a stern approach towards dissent was necessary.
Концепція прав людини існує вже багато
сторіч, принаймні з часів короля Джона
Англійського. Англія керувалась рядом
законів та звичаїв. А коли король їх
порушив, підлеглі змусили його підписати
Магна Карту, або Великий Статут. Він
перераховував ряд положень, які ми
називаємо «права людини». Наприклад,
право церкви бути вільним від втручання
держави, право всіх громадян володіти
та успадковувати власність, бути
вільними від надмірних податків, право
вдів, які володіють власність, не
виходити заміж знову.
У 18 столітті в Європі декілька філософів
висунули ідею «природних прав». Це
права, які належать людині, тому що вона
є людино, а не тому що вона є представником
певної релігійної чи етнічної групи
або громадянином певної країни.
У кінці 1970-х років дві революції дуже
вплинули на цю концепцію. У 1776 році
більшість британських колоній у
Північній Америці проголосили свою
незалежність від Британської Імперії.
У 1789 році французи скинули монархію та
заснували першу французьку республіку.
Це призвело до появи «Декларації прав
людини».
Термін природні права не проіснував
дуже довго, але укорінилося поняття
універсальних прав.
Поняття «права людини» вперше було
використане в роботі Торо «Громадська
непокора». Ця робота дуже вплинула на
таких особистостей як Лев Толстой,
Махатма Ганді та Мартін Лютер Кінг і
розвинула їх ідеї про ненасильницьке
протистояння неетичним діям уряду.
У 19 столітті багато питань вийшли на
перше місце. Зараз ми називаємо їх
питання пов’язані з правами людини:
рабство, кріпацтво, погані умови праці,
дуже низька заробітна плата, дитяча
праця тощо.
Але в кінці 19 на початку 20
століття рух за права людини був
пов’язаний з
політичними та релігійними
групами та віруваннями.
Революціонери говорили, що їх ідеологія
необхідна, щоб принести зміни та зупинити
зловживання уряду. А уряд говорив, що
йому необхідна така сувора політика
через соціальний безлад, ріст злочинності
тощо. Але, зазвичай, населенні не
підтримувало ні революціонерів, ні
уряд, оскільки їх інтереси були
політичними, а не гуманітарними.
Проте, рух за права людини призвів до
змін, таких як прийняття законів, що
надають робочим право на страйки,
встановлюють мінімальні умови праці,
забороняють або регулюють дитячу працю
, встановлюють 40-годинний робочий день
тощо. Багато жінок отримали право
голосу. Рухи расових та релігійних
меншин досягли успіху в багатьох
країнах.
impartial справедливий,
неупереджений
on behalf
of від
імені
precede передувати
adhere дотримуватися
outrage грубе
порушення, грубе застосування сили,
гнів
abuse зловживання
detractor той,
хто наводить наклеп
plight зобов’язання
rudimentary
organ рудиментарний
орган
oversight нагляд,
контроль
partisan той, що
підтримує якусь рпартію; упереджений
formidable
research грунтовні
дослідження
to
stick дотримуватися
to
endorse підтримувати,
схвалювати, рекомендувати
to
abolish скасовувати
to advocate захищати
trumped-up
murder
charges сфабриковане
звинувачення у вбивстві
compliance схвалення,
згода
accord схвалення,
згода
observer status статус
спостерігача
NGO (nongovernmental organization) неурядова
організація
military
takeover військовий
переворот
mandate мандат,
доручення, наказ
In 1961 a
group of
lawyers,
journalists, writers and others, offended
and frustrated by the sentencing of two Portuguese college students
to twenty years in prison for having raised their glasses in a toast
to “freedom” in a bar, formed Appeal
for Amnesty, 1961. The appeal was
announced on May 28 in the London Observer’s Sunday supplement.
The appeal told the stories of six “prisoners of consciousness”
from different countries and of different political and religious
backgrounds, all jailed for peacefully expressing their political
and religious beliefs, and called on governments everywhere to free
such prisoners. It set forth a simple plan of action, calling for
strictly impartial, non-partisan appeals to be made on behalf of
these prisoners ad any who, like them, had been imprisoned for
peacefully expressed beliefs.
The response to this appeal was larger than anyone had expected. The
one-year appeal grew, was extended beyond the year, and Amnesty
International and the modern human rights movements were both born.
The modern human rights movement didn’t invent any new principles.
It was different from what preceded it primarily in its explicit
rejection of political ideology and partisanship, and its demand
that governments everywhere, regardless of ideology, adhere to
certain basic principles of human rights in their treatment to their
citizens.
This appealed to a large group of people, many of whom were
politically inactive, not interested in joining a political
movement, not ideologically motivated, and didn’t care about
creating “the perfect society” or perfect government. They were
simply outraged that any government dared abuse, imprison, torture,
and often kill human beings whose only crime was in believing
differently from their government and saying so in public. They
(naively, according to many detractors) tool to writing letters to
governments and publicizing the plights of these people in hopes of
persuading or embarrassing abusive governments into better behavior.
Like the early years of many movements, the early years of modern
human rights movement were rocky. “Appeal for Amnesty, 1961” had
only the most rudimentary organization. The modern organization
named Amnesty International gained the structure it has by learning
from mistakes. Early staff members operated with no oversight, and
money was wasted. This led to establishing strict financial
accountability. Early staff members and volunteers got involved in
partisan politics while working on human rights violations in their
own countries. This led to the principle that AI members were not as
a matter of practice, asked or permitted to work on cases in their
country. Early campaigns failed because Amnesty was misinformed
about certain prisoners. This led to the establishment of a
formidable research section and the process of “adoption” of
prisoners of consciousness only after a thorough investigation
phase.
The biggest lesson Amnesty learned, and for many the distinguishing
feature of the organization, however, was to stick to what it knew
and not to outside its mandate. A distinguished human rights
researcher once said that “Amnesty is an organization that does
only one or two things, but does them extremely well”. Amnesty
International does not take positions on many issues which many
people view as human rights concerns (such as abortions) and does
not endorse or criticize any form of government. While it works to
ensure a fair trial for all political prisoners, it does not adopt
as prisoners of consciousness anyone who has used or advocated
violence for any reason. It rarely provides statistical data on
human rights abuses, and never compares the human rights records of
one country with another. It sticks to work on behalf of individual
prisoners, and work to abolish specific practices, such as torture
and the death penalty.
A lot of people found it too restrictive. Many pro-democracy
advocates were extremely upset when the organization dropped Nelson
Mandela (a black South African anti-apartheid activist in jail on
trumped-up murder charges) from its list of adopted prisoners,
because of his endorsing a violent struggle against apartheid.
Others were upset that Amnesty would not criticize any form of
government, even one which (like Soviet-style Communism, or
Franco-style fascism) appeared inherently abusive and incompatible
with respect for basic human rights. Many activists simply felt that
human rights could be better served by a broader field of actions.
Over the years combination of these concerns and others led to
formation of other human rights groups. Among them were groups which
later merged to form Human Rights Watch, the first of them being
Helsinki Watch in 1978. Regional human rights watchdog groups often
operated under extremely difficult conditions, especially those in
the Soviet block. Helsinki Watch, which later merged with other
groups to form Human Rights Watch, started as a few Russian
activists who formed to monitor the Soviet Union’s compliance with
the human rights provisions in the Helsinki accords. Many of its
members were arrested shortly after it was formed and had little
chance to be active.
Other regional groups formed after military takeover in Chile in
1973, in East Timor in 1975, in Argentina in 1976, and after The
Chinese Democracy Wall Movement in 1979.
Although there were differences in philosophy, focus, and tactics
between the groups, for the most part they remained on speaking
terms, and a number of human rights activists belonged to more than
one.
Recognition for the human rights movement, and Amnesty
international in particular, grew during the 1970s. Amnesty gained
permanent observer statue as an NGO at the United Nations. Its
reports became mandatory reading in legislatures, state departments
and foreign ministries around the world. Its press releases received
respectful attention, even when its recommendations were ignored by
the governments involved. In 1977 it was awarded the Noble Peace
prize for its work. Unfortunately, the Noble Peace prize didn’t
impress the governments Amnesty most wanted to get through to. That
year the Argentine military dictatorship reportedly claimed that
Amnesty was a front organization For the Soviet KGB. This supposedly
occurred the same week that the Soviet government claimed Amnesty
was run by the US CIA, to the amusement of human rights activists
and. Presumably, embarrassment of certain people in Argentina and
the Soviet Union.
1 to cancel
2 to protect
3 to follow
4 furious
5 agreement
6 maybe
7 to strike somebody off the list
1. The appeal was announced ______ May 28 in the London
Observer’s Sunday supplement.
2. It set forth
a simple plan of action, calling _____ strictly impartial,
non-partisan appeals to be made _____ behalf of these prisoners ad
any who, like them, had been imprisoned _____ peacefully expressed
beliefs.
3. The one-year appeal grew, was extended ______ the year,
and Amnesty International and the modern human rights movements were
both born.
4. The appeal told the stories of six “prisoners of
consciousness” _____ different countries and of different
political and religious backgrounds, all jailed _____ peacefully
expressing their political and religious beliefs, and called _____
governments everywhere to free such prisoners.
5. Early staff
members and volunteers got involved _____ partisan politics while
working _______ human rights violations _____ their own countries.
6. The biggest
lesson Amnesty learned, and ____ many the distinguishing feature of
the organization, however, was to stick _____ what it knew and not
to outside its mandate.
7. Amnesty
International does not take positions ______ many issues which many
people view as human rights concerns
8. Over the
years combination of these concerns and others led ________
formation of other human rights groups.
9. Regional
human rights watchdog groups often operated ______ extremely
difficult conditions, especially those ____ the Soviet block.
10. Although
there were differences ____ philosophy, focus, and tactics ______
the groups, _____ the most part they remained ____ speaking terms,
and a number of human rights activists belonged to more than one. prisoners of consciousness
preceded outraged tool to rudimentary
oversight formidable endorse abuses
inherently abusive
1. They were simply ______ that any government dared abuse,
imprison, torture, and often kill human beings
2. “Appeal for Amnesty, 1961” had only the
most _______ organization.
3. It rarely provides statistical data on human
rights ________, and never compares the human rights records of one
country with another.
4. The appeal told the stories of six “______”
from different countries and of different political and religious
backgrounds.
5. Amnesty International does not take positions on many issues
which many people view as human rights concerns and does not _______
or criticize any form of government.
6. Early staff members operated with no ________,
and money was wasted.
7. This led to the establishment of a _________
research section and the process of “adoption” of prisoners of
consciousness only after a thorough investigation phase.
8. It was different from what _______ it primarily in its explicit
rejection of political ideology and partisanship.
9. Others were upset that Amnesty would not
criticize any form of government, even one which appeared ________
and incompatible with respect for basic human rights.
10. They _______ writing letters to governments
and publicizing the plights of these people in hopes of persuading
or embarrassing abusive governments into better behavior. 1
In 1961 a
group of
lawyers,
journalists, writers and others,
offended and frustrated by the sentencing of two Portuguese
college students
I from its list of adopted
prisoners, because of his endorsing a violent struggle against
apartheid. 2 The modern organization
named Amnesty International
II who has used or advocated
violence for any reason. 3 While it works to ensure a
fair trial for all political prisoners, it does not adopt as
prisoners of consciousness anyone
III and its demand that
governments everywhere, regardless of ideology, adhere to certain
basic principles of human rights in their treatment to their
citizens. 4 It sticks to work on behalf
of individual prisoners, and work
IV not ideologically
motivated, and didn’t care about creating “the perfect
society” or perfect government. 5 It was different from what
preceded it primarily in its explicit rejection of political V monitor the Soviet Union’s
compliance with the human rights provisions in the
ideology and partisanship,
Helsinki accords. 6 Many pro-democracy advocates
were extremely upset when the organization dropped Nelson Mandela
VI to abolish specific
practices, such as torture and the death penalty. 7 A distinguished human rights
researcher once said that VII gained the structure it
has by learning from mistakes. 8 Helsinki Watch, which later
merged with other groups to form Human Rights Watch, started as a
few Russian activists who formed to VIII as an NGO at the United
Nations. 9 This appealed to a large
group of people, many of whom were politically inactive, not
interested in joining a political movement,
IX“Amnesty is an
organization that does only one or two things, but does them
extremely well”. 10 Amnesty gained permanent
observer statue
X
to twenty years in prison for having raised their glasses in a
toast to “freedom” in a bar, formed Appeal
for Amnesty, 1961.
У 1961 році два португальських студенти
були засуджені на 20 років за те, що
підняли в барі тост за свободу. Група
юристів та журналістів були обурені
цим фактом. Вони розказали про людей,
які були засуджені за політичні чи
релігійні переконання та закликали
уряди звільнити таких в’язнів. Цей
заклик призвів до створення сучасного
руху за права людини.
Сучасний рух за права людини
не винайшов нових принципів. Він вимагав,
щоб уряди дотримувались певних основних
прав людини у своєму ставленні до
громадян. Рух апелював до великої групи
людей, більшість з яких були політично
неактивні і не турбувалися про створення
«ідеального суспільства». Вони були
просто розлючені тим, що влада наважувалась
ув’язнювати, катувати
та вбивати людей за те,
що вони висловлюють
на публіці думки,
які відрізняються від офіційних. Вони
наївно писали листи до урядів і
переконували їх звільнити політичних
в’язнів.
Перші роки існування руху за права
людини були дуже важкі.
Сучасна Міжнародна Амністія
створила свою структуру, навчаючись
на помилках. На початку існування
організації її члени діяли без нагляду
і просто марнували гроші - це призвело
до встановлення чіткої фінансової
звітності; вони приєднувалися до різних
політичних сил – тому зараз члени
Міжнародної Амністії не можуть працювати
у своїх країнах. Перші кампанії
провалились, тому що організація була
дезінформована щодо певних в’язнів.
Тому зараз організація проводить
ретельне розслідування перш ніж визнати
когось політичним в’язнем.
Організація займається обмеженою
кількістю питань, а не усіма питаннями
пов’язаними з правами людини. Організація
ніколи не визнає політичним в’язнем
людину, яка використовує або схвалює
використання насильства з будь-яких
причин. Вона рідко надає статистичну
інформацію про порушення прав людини
в різних країнах. Організація працює
від імені окремих в’язнів та працює
над скасуванням таких явищ як тортури
та смертна кара.
Визнання руху за права людини
та Міжнародної Амністії збільшилось
у 1970-х роках. Амністія отримала постійний
статус спостерігача як неурядова
організація ООН. У 1977 році організація
була нагороджена нобелівською премією.
headquarters штаб-квартира
compliance схвалення,
згода
pursuant to у
відповідності до
to draw attention привернути
увагу
to persecute for переслідувати
за
landmines фугас
censorship цензура
to engage займатися
чимось, бути зобов’язаним
famine голод,
гострий дефіцит, нестача
to
denounce звинувачувати,
засуджувати, погрожувати
squalid брудний,
бідний
custodian опікун
rigor гарячка,
оціпеніння
to
corroborate підтверджувати,
підкріпляти, підтримувати
allies союзники
extensive
analyses вичерпний
аналіз
accusation звинувачення
bias схил,
необ’єктивність, упередженість
to
accuse звинувачувати
insurgent бунтар,
повстанець
inadvertently неуважно,
необережно, ненавмисно
to enact
a law приймати
закон
Human Rights Watch is one of
the world's leading international non-governmental
organizations that
conduct research and advocacy on human
rights. Its
headquarters are in New
York City and it has
offices in Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Johannesburg, London,
Los Angeles, Moscow, Paris, San Francisco, Tokyo, Toronto, and
Washington D.C.
Human Rights Watch was founded under the name
Helsinki
Watch in 1978 to
monitor the former Soviet
Union's compliance
with the Helsinki
Accords. As the
organization grew, it formed other "watch committees" to
cover other regions of the world. In 1988, all of the committees
were united under one umbrella to form Human Rights Watch. Robert
L. Bernstein was a
president of the organization and is one of the original founders,
along with Jeri
Laber, and several
others.
Pursuant to the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights,
Human Rights Watch opposes violations of what it considers basic
human rights, which include capital
punishment and
discrimination on the basis of sexual
orientation. Human
Rights Watch advocates freedoms in connection with fundamental human
rights, such as freedom
of religion and the
press.
Human Rights Watch produces research reports on
violations of international human rights norms as set out by the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights and what it perceives to be
other internationally-accepted human rights norms. These reports are
used as the basis for drawing international attention to abuses and
pressuring governments and international organizations to reform.
Researchers conduct fact-finding missions to investigate suspect
situations and generate coverage in local and international media.
Issues raised by Human Rights Watch in its reports include social
and gender
discrimination,
torture,
military
use of children,
political
corruption, abuses
in criminal
justice systems, and
the legalization of abortion.
Human Rights Watch documents and reports violations of the laws of
war
and international humanitarian law.
Human Rights Watch also supports writers worldwide
who are being persecuted for their work and are in need of financial
assistance. The Hellman/Hammett grants are financed by the estate of
the playwright Lillian
Hellman in funds set
up in her name and that of her long-time companion, the novelist
Dashiell
Hammett. In addition
to providing financial assistance, the Hellman/Hammett grants help
raise international awareness of activists who are being silenced
for speaking out in defence of human rights.
Each year, Human Rights Watch presents the Human Rights Defenders
Award to activists around the world who demonstrate leadership and
courage in defending human rights. The award winners work closely
with Human Rights Watch in investigating and exposing human rights
abuses.
Human Rights Watch was one of six international NGOs
that founded the Coalition
to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers
in 1998. It is also the co-chair of the International
Campaign to Ban Landmines,
a global coalition of civil society groups that successfully lobbied
to introduce the Ottawa
Treaty, a treaty
that prohibits the use of anti-personnel landmines.
Human Rights Watch is a founding member of the
International
Freedom of Expression Exchange,
a global network of non-governmental
organizations that
monitor censorship
worldwide.
Human Rights Watch has more than 230 paid staff, and a budget of
over US$30 million a year.
The current executive director of Human Rights Watch
is Kenneth
Roth. He has held
this position since 1993. Roth is a graduate of Yale
Law School and Brown
University. His
father fled Nazi Germany
in 1938. Roth started working on human rights after the declaration
of martial law in Poland
in 1981, and later became engaged in Haiti
issues.
Human Rights Watch made recent headlines by
criticizing the Jordanian
government for
arresting elected officials who praised Abu
Musab al-Zarqawi,
the head of Al-Qaeda
in Iraq, at
ceremonies held in response to his death. Human Rights Watch also
spoke out against the mass
killings and
government-imposed famines
during the last decade of former Iraqi
leader Saddam
Hussein's rule.
On July 26, 2007 HRW denounced that hundreds of
migrant children held in emergency centers in the Spanish Canary
Islands are living
in squalid,
overcrowded conditions
and face the risk of abuse from their custodians and other children.
The Canary Islands government, which runs the facilities, replied in
a statement that the report lacked "rigor" and that "an
internal investigation had failed to corroborate" Human Rights
Watch's findings.
On February 6, 2009 The
Guardian reported
the HRW researcher Rachel
Reid saying that Colonel Owen McNally had been flown back from
Afghanistan
to Britain
"where he will reportedly be interviewed by military police".
It further reported that Britain's Ministry
of Defence (United Kingdom)
had told media that Reid was the recipient of secrets, although Reid
stated that she had met Col McNally only twice, both times in a
purely professional capacity, both times at the NATO
military HQ in Kabul.
In the same article Reid asked "Why was my name released to the
media by the MoD, with a libel that our relationship was "close"?
They would know exactly what impression they were creating, and
presumably decided that my reputatation was expendable in order to
ensure coverage of their "story"".
Human Rights Watch and Amnesty
International are
the only two western-oriented international human rights
organizations operating worldwide in most situations of severe
oppression or abuse. Though close allies, the two groups play
complementary roles, reflecting a division of labour. The major
differences lie in the groups’ structure and methods for promoting
change.
Amnesty International is a mass-membership
organization. Mobilization of those members is the organization's
central advocacy tool. Human Rights Watch's main products are its
crisis-directed research and lengthy reports, whereas Amnesty
lobbies and writes detailed reports, but also focuses on mass
letter-writing campaigns, adopting individuals as "prisoners
of conscience" and lobbying for their release. Human Rights
Watch will openly lobby for specific actions for other governments
to take against human rights offenders, including naming specific
individuals for arrest, or for sanctions
to be levied against certain countries, recently calling for
punitive sanctions against the top leaders in Sudan
who have overseen a killing campaign in Darfur.
The group has also called for human rights activists who have been
detained in Sudan to be released.
Its documentations of human rights abuses often include extensive
analyses of the political and historical backgrounds of the
conflicts concerned, some of which have been published in academic
journals. AI's reports, on the other hand, tend to contain less
analysis, and instead focus on specific abuses of rights.
There are some small differences in policy: for example, Human
Rights Watch believes that women should have the right to wear a
veil whereas Amnesty has no policy on this issue.
Criticism of Human Rights Watch may be classified
into two major categories: accusations of selection
bias and accusations
of ideological
bias. In the first category, the Asian
Tribune has praised
NGO
Monitor for pointing
out the inherent bias of HRW against open, democratic regimes where
journalists and citizens can monitor abuses, and abusive regimes
that disallow monitoring. In the second category, Human Rights Watch
has been criticized for perceived anti-Western, anti-China,
anti-Serb,
anti-Sri Lankan and anti-Israel bias. According to a report in the
Egyptian press, "the government often accuses human rights
groups [including Human Rights Watch] of importing a Western agenda
that offends local religious and cultural values." The
government of Ethiopia has accused HRW of one-sided reporting that
fails to document abuses committed by anti-government insurgents.
According to the government, HRW may have inadvertently made itself
a tool of the insurgent Islamist
Ogaden
National Liberation Front.
As a result, Ethiopia has enacted a law restricting human rights
workers in organizations, including HRW, that get more than 10% of
their funding from abroad from engaging in political, democracy,
justice and human rights work
1. Human Rights Watch is a
non-governmental
organizations that
conduct research and advocacy _____ human
rights.
2. Human Rights Watch was founded under the name
Helsinki
Watch in 1978 to
monitor the former Soviet
Union's compliance
____ the Helsinki
Accords.
3. Pursuant ____ the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights,
Human Rights Watch opposes violations of what it considers basic
human rights.
4. Human Rights Watch produces research reports _____ violations of
international human rights norms
5. Roth started working _____ human rights after the
declaration of martial law in Poland
in 1981
6. Human Rights Watch also spoke ____ against the
mass
killings and
government-imposed famines
during the last decade of former Iraqi
leader Saddam
Hussein's rule.
7. Human Rights Watch will openly lobby ____ specific actions ____
other governments to take against human rights offenders.
8. Criticism of Human Rights Watch may be classified _____ two major
categories.
9. The Asian
Tribune has praised
NGO
Monitor ____
pointing ____ the inherent bias ___ HRW against open, democratic
regimes.
10. The government often accuses human rights groups ____ importing
a Western agenda that offends local religious and cultural values.
pursuant to
drawing persecuted awareness
exposing denounced
allies tool lobbies
backgrounds
1. The award winners work closely with Human Rights Watch in
investigating and _____ human rights abuses.
2. . In addition to providing financial assistance, the
Hellman/Hammett grants help raise international _______ of activists
who are being silenced for speaking out in defence of human rights.
3. Mobilization of those members is the organization's central
advocacy ______.
4. _______ the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights,
Human Rights Watch opposes violations of what it considers basic
human rights, which include capital
punishment and
discrimination on the basis of sexual
orientation.
5. Its documentations of human rights abuses often include extensive
analyses of the political and historical _______ of the conflicts
concerned, some of which have been published in academic journals
6. Amnesty _____ and writes detailed reports, but
also focuses on mass letter-writing campaigns, adopting individuals
as "prisoners
of conscience" and lobbying for their release.
7. Human Rights Watch also supports writers worldwide who are being
_______ for their work and are in need of financial assistance.
8. Though close ______, the two groups play complementary roles,
reflecting a division of labour.
9. These reports are used as the basis for ______international
attention to abuses and pressuring governments and international
organizations to reform.
10. On July 26, 2007 HRW _________ that hundreds of
migrant children held in emergency centers in the Spanish Canary
Islands are living
in squalid,
overcrowded conditions.
1 Human Rights Watch advocates
freedoms in connection
I and what it perceives to be other
internationally-accepted human rights norms. 2 It is also the
co-chair of the International
Campaign to Ban Landmines,
a global coalition of civil society groups that
II that the report lacked "rigor"
and that "an internal investigation had failed to
corroborate" Human Rights Watch's findings. 3 Researchers conduct fact-finding
missions to investigate suspect situations
III regimes where
journalists and citizens can monitor abuses, and abusive regimes
that disallow monitoring. 4 Human Rights
Watch made recent headlines by criticizing the Jordanian
government for
IV international human rights
organizations operating worldwide in most situations of severe
oppression or abuse. 5 Human Rights Watch produces
research reports on violations of international human rights
norms as set out by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
V successfully
lobbied to introduce the Ottawa
Treaty, a treaty
that prohibits the use of anti-personnel landmines. 6 In the first
category, the Asian
Tribune has
praised NGO
Monitor for
pointing out the inherent bias of HRW against open, democratic
VI with
fundamental human rights, such as freedom
of religion and
the
press. 7 The government of Ethiopia has
accused HRW of one-sided reporting
VII arresting
elected officials who praised Abu
Musab al-Zarqawi,
the head of Al-Qaeda
in Iraq, at
ceremonies held in response to his death.
8 Each year, Human Rights Watch
presents the Human Rights Defenders Award to
VIII that fails to document abuses
committed by anti-government insurgents. 9 The Canary Islands government,
which runs the facilities, replied in a statement
IX and generate
coverage in local and international media. 10 Human Rights
Watch and Amnesty
International are
the only two western-oriented
X activists
around the world who demonstrate leadership and courage in
defending human rights.
1. Відомо, що
штаб-квартира організації знаходиться
в Нью Йорку.
2. Навряд він
буде діяти у відповідності до нового
законодавства.
3. Здається, цензуру офіційно
заборонили багато років тому.
4. Говорять, він написав багато
статей щоб привернути увагу до цієї
проблеми.
5. Виявилося, що багато
союзників займалися розв’язанням
цього конфлікту.
6. Здається, його звинуватили
в організації повстання.
7. Напевно, вони зробили
вичерпний аналіз перед тим як прийняти
таке рішення.
8. Вважають, що діючий уряд
неспроможний прийняти необхідні закони.
grave великий,
серйозний,
складний
exert докладати
зусиль; впливати; приводити в дію
perpetrate скоїти
prompt швидкий
impunity безкарність
to uphold підтримувати
refugees біженці
asylum
seekers людина,
що шукає притулок
courteous ввічливий
to deploy розгортати,
використовувати
to retain тримати,
утримувати, вміщати; пам’ятати
affiliate приєднуватися
biannual той, що
відбувається двічі на рік
to assert стверджувати,
заявляти, доводити
mitigating
пом’ягшуючий
Amnesty International
(commonly known as Amnesty
or AI) is an
international non-governmental
organisation which
defines its mission as "to conduct research and generate action
to prevent and end grave abuses of human
rights and to demand
justice
for those whose rights have been violated." Founded in London,
England
in 1961, AI draws its attention to human rights abuses and campaigns
for compliance with international standards. It works to mobilise
public opinion which exerts pressure on individuals who perpetrate
abuses. The organisation was awarded the 1977 Nobel
Peace Prize for its
"campaign against torture"
and the United
Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
in 1978.
In the field of international human rights organisations (of which
there were 300 in 1996), Amnesty has the longest history and
broadest name recognition, and "is believed by many to set
standards for the movement as a whole."
Amnesty International primarily targets governments,
but also reports on non-governmental bodies and private individuals
("non-state
actors").
There are five key areas which Amnesty deals with:Women's Rights,
Children's Rights, Ending Torture and Execution, Rights of Refugees
and Rights of Prisoners of Conscience.
Some specific aims are to abolish the death
penalty, end extra
judicial executions
and "disappearances",
ensure prison conditions meet international human rights standards,
ensure prompt and fair trial for all political
prisoners, ensure
free education
to all children worldwide, decriminalize abortion, fight impunity
from systems of justice, end the recruitment and use of child
soldiers, free all
prisoners
of conscience,
promote economic, social and cultural rights for marginalized
communities, protect human
rights defenders,
promote religious
tolerance, stop
torture
and ill-treatment, stop unlawful killings in armed conflict, and to
uphold the rights of refugees,
migrants
and asylum
seekers.
To further these aims, Amnesty International has developed several
techniques to publicize information and mobilize public opinion. The
organization considers as one of its strengths the publication of
impartial and accurate reports. Reports are researched by
interviewing victims and officials, observing trials, working with
local human rights activists and by monitoring the media. It aims to
issue timely press releases and publishes information in newsletters
and on web sites. It also sends official missions to countries to
make courteous but insistent inquiries.
Campaigns to mobilize public opinion can take the form of
individual, country or thematic campaigns. Many techniques are
deployed such as direct appeals (for example, letter writing), media
and publicity work and public demonstrations. Often fund-raising is
integrated with campaigning.
In situations which require immediate attention, Amnesty
International calls on existing urgent action networks or crisis
response networks; for all other matters, it calls on its
membership. It considers the large size of its human resources to be
another one of its key strengths.
Amnesty International is largely made up of voluntary members but
retains a small number of paid professionals. In countries where
Amnesty International has a strong presence, members are organised
as 'sections'. Sections coordinate basic Amnesty International
activities normally with a significant volume of members, some of
whom will form into 'groups', and a professional staff. Each has a
board of directors. In 2005 there were 52 sections worldwide.
'Structures' are aspiring sections. They also coordinate basic
activities but have a smaller membership and a limited staff. In
countries where no section or structure exists, people can become
'international members'. Two other organisational models exist:
'international networks', which promote specific themes or have a
specific identity, and 'affiliated groups', which do the same work
as section groups, but in isolation.
The organisations outlined above are represented by the
International Council (IC) which is led by the IC Chairperson.
Members of sections and structures have the right to appoint one or
more representatives to the Council according to the size of their
membership. The IC may invite representatives from International
Networks and other individuals to meetings, but only representatives
from sections and structures have voting rights. The function of the
IC is to appoint and hold accountable internal governing bodies and
to determine the direction of the movement. The IC convenes every
two years.
The International Executive Committee (IEC), led by the IEC
Chairperson, consists of eight members and the IEC Treasurer. It is
elected by, and represents, the IC and meets biannually. The role of
the IEC is to take decisions on behalf of Amnesty International,
implement the strategy laid out by the IC, and ensure compliance
with the organisation’s statutes.
The International Secretariat (IS) is responsible for the conduct
and daily affairs of Amnesty International under direction from the
IEC and IC. It is run by approximately 500 professional staff
members and is headed by a Secretary General. The IS operates
several work programmes; International Law and Organisations;
Research; Campaigns; Mobilisation; and Communications. Its offices
have been located in London since its establishment in the
mid-1960s.
Amnesty International is financed largely by fees and donations from
its worldwide membership. It does not accept donations from
governments or governmental organisations.
Criticism of Amnesty International may be classified
into two major categories: selection
bias and ideological
bias. As part of the latter, many governments, including those of,
Israel,
the Democratic
Republic of the Congo,
the People's
Republic of China,
Vietnam,
Russia
and the United
States, have
attacked Amnesty International for what they assert is one-sided
reporting or a failure to treat threats to security as a mitigating
factor. The actions of these governments — and of other
governments critical of Amnesty International — have been the
subject of human rights concerns voiced by Amnesty. The Catholic
Church has also
criticized Amnesty for its stance on abortion.
compliance
grave perpetrate meet impartial on behalf
of exerts
courteous deployed
retains 'affiliated groups'
1. Its mission
is to conduct
research and
generate action
to prevent and
end _____ abuses of human
rights and to
demand justice
for those whose rights have been violated.
2. AI draws its attention to human rights abuses
and campaigns for ______ with
international standards.
3. Many techniques are _____ such
as direct appeals, media and publicity
work and public demonstrations.
4. Two other organisational models exist:
'international networks', which
promote specific themes or have a specific identity, and
_______, which do the same work as section
groups, but in isolation.
5. One of its aims is to ensure prison conditions
______ international human rights
standards.
6. Amnesty International is largely made up of
voluntary members but _____ a small number
of paid professionals.
7. The organization considers as one of its
strengths the publication of ______ and
accurate reports.
8. The role of the IEC is
to take decisions _______ Amnesty
International.
9. It works to mobilise public opinion which
______ pressure on individuals who ______
abuses.
10. It also sends official missions to countries
to make ______ but insistent inquiries.
1. It works to mobilise
public opinion which exerts pressure _____ individuals who
perpetrate abuses.
2, Amnesty International
primarily targets governments, but also reports _____
non-governmental bodies and private individuals.
3. In situations which
require immediate attention, Amnesty International calls _____
existing urgent action networks or crisis response networks.
4. Amnesty International
is largely made _____ _____ voluntary members but retains a small
number of paid professionals.
5. The International
Secretariat (IS) is responsible ____ the conduct and daily affairs
of Amnesty International ______ direction from the IEC and IC.
6. Criticism of Amnesty
International may be classified ____ two major categories. 1
The actions of these governments — and of other governments
critical of Amnesty International —
I
led by the IEC Chairperson, consists of eight members and the IEC
Treasurer. 2
Amnesty International is financed largely
II
and other individuals to meetings, but only representatives from
sections and structures have voting rights. 3
The organisations outlined above are represented
III
specific identity, and 'affiliated groups', which do the same
work as section groups, but in isolation. 4
The International Executive Committee (IEC),
IV
by the International Council (IC) which is led by the IC
Chairperson. 5
The IC may invite representatives from International Networks
V
by fees and donations from its worldwide membership. 6
The IS operates several work programmes; International Law and
Organisations;
VI
have been the subject of human rights concerns voiced by Amnesty.
The Catholic
Church has also
criticized Amnesty for its stance on abortion.
7
Two other organisational models exist: 'international networks',
which promote specific themes or have a
VII
a significant volume of members, some of whom will form into
'groups', and a professional staff. 8
Campaigns to mobilize public opinion can
VII
voluntary members but retains a small number of paid
professionals. 9
Amnesty International is largely made up of
IX
take the form of individual, country or thematic campaigns. 10-
Sections coordinate basic Amnesty International activities
normally with
X
Research; Campaigns; Mobilisation; and Communications. Its
offices have been located in London since its establishment in
the mid-1960s.
clergyman священик
legacy спадок,
спадщина
icon ікона
martyr мученик
posthumously посмертно
pre-eminent видатний
expatriate емігрант,
експатріант
amity дружні,
мирні стосунки
self-reliance впевненість
у собі, в своїх силах
to advocate пропаганду
вати
to testify свідчити
slander брехня
to run
for President
балотуватися
на посаду президента
incumbent той, що
займає посаду
foul play вбивство,
злочин, нечесна гра
to unveil урочисто
відкривати
to allude згадувати,
натякати, посилатися
thaw відлига
to commute замінити
Martin Luther King, Jr.
(January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman,
activist
and prominent leader in the African-American
civil
rights movement. His
main legacy was to secure progress on civil
rights in the United
States and he is
frequently referenced as a human
rights icon today.
King is recognized as a martyr
by two Christian churches. A Baptist
minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career.
He led the 1955 Montgomery
Bus Boycott and
helped found the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference
in 1957, serving as its first president. King's efforts led to the
1963 March
on Washington, where
King delivered his "I
Have a Dream"
speech. There, he raised public consciousness of the civil rights
movement and established himself as one of the greatest orators
in U.S. history.
In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive
the Nobel
Peace Prize for his
work to end racial
segregation and
racial
discrimination
through civil
disobedience and
other non-violent
means. By the time of his death in 1968, he had refocused his
efforts on ending poverty and opposing the Vietnam
War, both from a
religious perspective. King was assassinated
on April 4, 1968, in Memphis,
Tennessee. He was
posthumously awarded the Presidential
Medal of Freedom in
1977 and Congressional
Gold Medal in 2004;
Martin
Luther King, Jr. Day
was established as a U.S. national
holiday in 1986.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2
October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was the pre-eminent political
and spiritual leader of India
and the Indian
independence movement.
He was the pioneer of satyagraha—resistance
to tyranny
through mass civil
disobedience, firmly
founded upon ahimsa
or total non-violence—which
led India to independence
and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the
world. He is commonly known around the world as Mahatma
Gandhi (Sanskrit:
mahātmā
or "Great Soul", an honorific
first applied to him by Rabindranath
Tagore), and in
India also as Bapu
(Gujarati:
bāpu or
"Father"). He is officially honoured in India
as the Father
of the Nation;
his birthday, 2 October, is commemorated there as Gandhi
Jayanti, a
national
holiday, and
worldwide as the International
Day of Non-Violence.
Gandhi first employed non-violent civil
disobedience as an
expatriate lawyer in South
Africa, in the
resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights. After his
return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers,
and urban labourers in protesting excessive land-tax and
discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian
National Congress in
1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding
women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending
untouchability,
increasing economic self-reliance, but above all achieving
Swaraj—the
independence of India from foreign domination. Gandhi famously led
Indians in the Non-cooperation
movement in 1922 and
in protesting the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km
(249 mi) Dandi
Salt March in 1930,
and later in calling for the British to Quit
India in 1942. He was imprisoned for
many years, on numerous occasions, in both South Africa and India.
As a practitioner of ahimsa,
Gandhi swore to speak the truth,
and advocated that others do the same. He lived modestly in a
self-sufficient
residential community
and wore the traditional Indian dhoti
and shawl, woven with yarn he had hand spun on a charkha.
He ate simple vegetarian
food, and also undertook long fasts
as means of both self-purification and social protest.
Vyacheslav Chornovil
(Ukrainian:
Вячесла́в Макси́мович
Чорнові́л) (born December 24, 1937
in Yerky,
Katerynopilskyi
Raion, Cherkasy
Oblast - died March
25, 1999, near Boryspil,
Kiev
Oblast) was a
Ukrainian
politician. A prominent Ukrainian dissident
to the Soviet policies,
he was arrested multiple times in the 1960s and 1970s for his
political views. A long-time advocate of Ukrainian independence, he
was one of the most prominent political figures of the 1990s in
newly independent Ukraine.
Chornovil studied journalism at the University
of Kiev and joined the Komsomol.
He graduated in 1960.
Chornovil worked for various newspapers and in
television in Lviv
and Kiev.
He became known as a dissident after documenting the illegal
imprisonment of some Ukrainian intellectuals. He himself was ordered
to stand witness and testify at one of them, but he refused and was
sentenced to three months of labor. Later, he covered a similar
story about twenty Ukrainians. He was charged with slander and
sentenced to three years of imprisonment,
but was released in half the time under a general amnesty in 1967 to
celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the October
Revolution. The
Times awarded
him the Tomalin
Prize for the
documentation of the trials.
He was imprisoned another time for being involved in
Ukrainian separatist movements and affiliated publications.
Chornovil renounced his Soviet citizenship and decided to move to
Canada
in 1975 but was not permitted to do so. He joined the Ukrainian
Helsinki Group,
which helped to monitor and enforce the 1975 Helsinki
Accords.
He was arrested yet again for "attempted rape"
in a falsified
case in 1980 and was sentenced to five years in prison, after which
he carried out a 120-day-long hunger
strike. He was
released in 1983 following the protest of the Prosecutor. He was
arrested various other times during the next ten years.
After Ukrainian independence
Chornovil ran for President
of Ukraine in 1991
but was defeated. He was one of the most important members of the
People's
Movement of Ukraine,
a right-wing party. He was elected to the Verkhovna
Rada for the
People's Movement of Ukraine in 1994 and 1998 and was the head of
that party.
Chornovil was expected to become the main opposition
candidate against the incumbent president Leonid
Kuchma for the 1999
presidential election,
but Chornovil's presidential campaign was interrupted in its early
stages by his suspicious death in an automobile crash in March 25,
1999, his assistant Yevhen Pavlov was also killed in the crash. The
official investigation carried by the Ministry
of Internal Affairs concluded that the crash was purely
accidental and discovered no evidence of the foul play. However,
some of Chornovil's supporters called his death a political murder
and called on bringing those responsible for it to justice.
In 2003, the National
Bank of Ukraine
issued a commemorative coin with the nominal of 2 Hryvnias
dedicated to Chornovil.
On August 23, 2006, Viktor
Yushchenko, the
current President of Ukraine, unveiled a monument to Chornovil and
ordered a new investigation into his death. On September 6, 2006,
Yuri
Lutsenko, the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs,
announced that based on the information he saw, he personally
believes that Chornovil was a victim of the murder rather than a car
accident. Lutsenko stated further that the investigation is now
carried by the Office of the Prosecutor
General of Ukraine and the Security
Service of Ukraine,
the law enforcement authorities not under Lutsenko's control. He
went further, alluding that "certain circles" in the
Prosecutor's Office and Security Service are stonewalling the
investigation. However, on August
9, Oleksandr
Medvedko, the
Prosecutor General of Ukraine, commented at the news conference that
Lutsenko's statement is "unprofessional" as his
conclusions are based on unreliable information.
On March 25, 2009 a funeral service was held in near
the memorable sign in Boryspil and admirers (including the Mayor
of Kiev (then Leonid
Chernovetskyi)) lead
flowers on his monument in Kiev
to mark the 10 year passing after Chornovil's death. The same day
the People's Movement of Ukraine called on the law enforcement
agencies of Ukraine to complete investigation into the case
involving the killing of their former leader Viacheslav Chornovil
and his assistant Yevhen Pavlov in a road incident until 2010.
In 2009, a Ukrainian stamp
devoted to Chornovil was issued.
Levko Lukyanenko (Ukrainian:
Лук'яненко Левко
Григорович); (sometimes written as
Levko Lukianenko) is a
Ukrainian
politician, and Soviet dissident.
Lukyanenko was born on August
24, 1928
in the Khrypivka village of Chernihiv
Oblast. Following
graduation from the Law Department of Moscow
State University and after serving in the Russian army, he
worked in district party committees in Lviv
Oblast.
In 1959 in the time of the Khrushchev
Thaw, he organized a
dissident movement called the Ukrainian Workers and Peasants Union;
he defended the right of secession of Ukraine from the rest of
Soviet Union, a right theoretically granted by the 1936
Soviet Constitution.
In 1961 he was arrested, tried, and was given the death penalty,
which was later commuted to 15 years in a prison camp. In 1976 he
became a founding member of the Ukrainian
Helsinki Group. In
1977 he was arrested again and was sentenced to 10 years in a camp
and 5 years of internal exile.
Lukyanenko was released in the wave of Gorbachev's
perestroika,
and was elected a member of Ukrainian
parliament in 1990.
He was the co-author of Declaration
of State Sovereignty of Ukraine
and the author of Declaration
of Independence of Ukraine
adopted in 1991.
In 2006, Lukyanenko was a member of Ukrainian
parliament, elected with the Bloc
of Yulia Tymoshenko.
Since 2007 Levko Lukyanenko left active political
life and concentrated on writing his memoirs.
1. His main legacy was to
secure progress ______
civil
rights in the United
States
2. King was assassinated
____ April 4, 1968, in Memphis,
Tennessee.
3. He was the pioneer of satyagraha—resistance
____ tyranny
______ mass civil
disobedience.
4. Gandhi first employed non-violent civil
disobedience in the
resident Indian community's struggle_____ civil rights.
5. He set _____ organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers
____ protesting excessive land-tax and discrimination.
6. Gandhi led nationwide campaigns _____ easing poverty.
7. He was imprisoned ____ many years, _____ numerous occasions.
8. Chornovil worked ____
various newspapers and in television in Lviv
and Kiev.
9. He himself was ordered
to stand witness and testify _____
one of them, but he refused and was sentenced _____
three months of labor.
martyr
delivered posthumously
pre-eminent expatriate
testify slander
incumbent foul play
Thaw
1. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
was the _________ political and spiritual leader
2. He was charged with _______
and sentenced to three years of imprisonment
3. King is recognized as a _______ by two Christian churches.
4. Еhe
crash was purely accidental and no evidence of the ____ was
discovered.
5. Gandhi first employed non-violent civil
disobedience as an
_______ lawyer in South
Africa, in the
resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights.
6. He was _______ awarded the Presidential
Medal of Freedom in
1977
7. In 1959 in the time of the Khrushchev
_____, he organized a
dissident movement
8. Chornovil was expected to become the main
opposition candidate against the ______
president Leonid
Kuchma for the 1999
presidential election
9. King's efforts led to the 1963 March
on Washington, where
King ______ his "I
Have a Dream"
speech.
10. He himself was ordered to stand witness and
_____ at one of
them, but he refused and was sentenced to three months of labor.
Later, 1
In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel
Peace Prize
I
on ending poverty and opposing the Vietnam
War, both from a
religious perspective.
2
He became known as a dissident after
II
was sentenced to five years in prison, after which he carried out
a 120-day-long hunger
strike
3
He was arrested yet again for "attempted rape" in a
falsified
case in 1980 and. III
in its early stages by his suspicious death in an automobile
crash in March 25, 1999, his assistant Yevhen Pavlov was also
killed in the crash. 4
Gandhi famously led Indians in the Non-cooperation
movement in 1922
IV
documenting the illegal imprisonment of some Ukrainian
intellectuals. 5
Chornovil was expected to become the main opposition candidate
against the incumbent president Leonid
Kuchma for the
1999
presidential election,
but Chornovil's presidential campaign was interrupted
V
as an expatriate lawyer in South
Africa, in the
resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights. 6
By the time of his death in 1968, he had refocused his efforts
VI
and in protesting the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km
(249 mi) Dandi
Salt March in
1930. 7
He was charged with slander and sentenced to three years of
imprisonment,
but was released. VII
believes that Chornovil was a victim of the murder rather than a
car accident. 8
Gandhi first employed non-violent civil
disobedience
VIII
in half the time under a general amnesty in 1967 to celebrate the
fiftieth anniversary of the revolution. 9
In 1959 in the time of the Khrushchev
Thaw, he
organized a dissident movement called the Ukrainian Workers and
Peasants Union; he defended. IX
for his work to end racial
segregation and
racial
discrimination
through civil
disobedience and
other non-violent
means.
10
On September 6, 2006, Yuri
Lutsenko, the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs,
announced that based on the information he saw, he personally
X
the right of secession of Ukraine from the rest of Soviet Union,
a right theoretically granted by the 1936
Soviet Constitution
Part 7
disability інвалідність
subtle скритий
to reconcile звикати,
узгоджувати
conciliation примирення
penalty покарання
to be
obliged бути вдячним
onus зобов’язання,
тягар,
відповідальність
to deter утримувати,
відлякувати
to
pursue переслідувати,
шукати, розглядати, виконувати
The rules
cover direct
and indirect
discrimination.
Direct discrimination occurs when a person is treated less
favourably than another in a comparable situation because of their
racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or
sexual orientation
An example of direct discrimination is a job advert, which says "no
disabled people need apply." However, in reality discrimination
often takes more subtle forms. That’s why indirect discrimination
is also covered.
Indirect discrimination occurs when an apparently neutral provision,
criterion or practice would disadvantage people on the grounds of
racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or
sexual orientation unless the practice can be objectively justified
by a legitimate aim.
An example of indirect discrimination is requiring all people who
apply for a certain job to sit a test in a particular language, even
though that language is not necessary for the job. The test might
exclude more people who have a different mother tongue.
A shop owner who refuses to hire suitably qualified people as shop
assistants simply because they are of a particular racial or ethnic
origin and, in his view, might lose him customers is guilty of
direct discrimination. An employer who specifies in a job advert
that only young people should apply even though the job in question
can be done perfectly well by an older person is also guilty of
discrimination. The manager of a hotel who refuses admittance to the
bar to someone whom he believes to be associated with gypsies, or
members of the Roma or ‘travelling’ community, and for no other
reason than this, is equally guilty of discrimination.
A translation company insists that all those applying for jobs as
translators have driving licenses because there is an occasional
need to deliver or collect work from clients. Since this bars some
people with disabilities from applying and since driving is not a
core requirement for doing the job, the company is effectively
discriminating against this particular group of people, unless it
can demonstrate that there is an objective and justifiable reason
for the ban. A department store introduces a ban on its employees
wearing hats when serving customers. The effect of this is to bar
people whose religious beliefs require them to cover their heads,
such as Muslim women, from working in the shop. The store is guilty
of indirect discrimination, unless it can demonstrate that there is
an objective and justifiable reason for the ban.
The European Community has long been active in the fight against
discrimination. Indeed, at the time of its creation one of its most
pressing missions was to reconcile a continent divided by
nationalistic and ethnic conflicts. For many years the focus was on
preventing discrimination on the grounds of nationality and sex
discrimination. 1997 was a major turning point when the Member
States agreed to some far reaching changes to the Treaty. Following
the entry into force of the Amsterdam Treaty, the Community was
given new powers to combat discrimination on the grounds of racial
or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age and sexual
orientation, and the power to combat sex discrimination was widened.
In the year 2000, the Council unanimously adopted two Directives and
the Community Action Programme.
The directives make clear that everyone who is a victim of
discrimination or who considers that they have been unfairly treated
because of their personal characteristics should have adequate means
of legal protection and an effective right of redress (i.e. they
should be able to get things put right).
It is open to the government in each country to decide whether this
is through judicial procedures — i.e. through the system of
criminal or civil justice — or through administrative
arrangements, such as tribunals. Governments can also choose to
encourage conciliation and set up a system for sorting out cases of
unfair treatment voluntarily through discussion instead of through
the legal route.
The directives impose an obligation on governments to ensure that
people bringing complaints of unfair treatment have the right to be
supported and represented by their trade union or by specialist
associations or organisations. At the same time, they have to make
sure that the sanctions to be applied in cases where discrimination
has occurred are effective, proportionate and dissuasive’.
In other words, the penalties for discrimination should bear some
relationship to the harm done and should act as a deterrent against
behaviour of this kind. To strengthen protection further,
governments are required to introduce legislation under which the
burden of proof in civil cases i.e. where criminal charges are not
involved) is shared between the person claiming to have been treated
unfairly and the person against whom the complaint is being made.
This means that the responsibility for proving or disproving the
case is divided between the two. The person making the complaint has
first to show that the facts are consistent with discrimination
having occurred (that there is prima facie evidence of this) and
that there is therefore a case to answer. The person accused of
discrimination then has to demonstrate that they did not act
unfairly and that there was a legitimate reason for what they did.
The onus is, therefore, on the accused to convince the court or
tribunal that they did not behave in a discriminatory way. And the
person claiming discrimination is not expected to produce conclusive
proof of this, something which they are unlikely to be in a position
to do. Governments are obliged, in addition, to ensure that people
complaining about discrimination are adequately protected from
victimisation or retaliation, which if unchecked could deter them
from exercising their right to equal treatment.
This also goes for witnesses in discrimination cases who need to
receive the same protection from victimisation to encourage them to
give evidence. Governments are, therefore, required to put measures
in place to dissuade those accused of discrimination from reacting
in this way. These measures, in particular, need to protect
employees against the possibility of dismissal if they lodge a
complaint or take legal action against their employers or if they
give evidence in cases of unfair treatment.
According to both Directives, the burden of proof should shift to
the person accused of discrimination once the person bringing the
complaint has established facts from which it can be presumed that
there has been discrimination. It is then up to the person accused
to prove that they did not act in a discriminatory way.
The requirement that the burden of proof should be shifted, or
shared, in this way is a recognition of two general aspects of
discrimination cases. The first is that those suffering
discrimination are rarely in a position to prove it. The second is
that only those who are accused of discrimination are likely to have
access to the full facts of the case.
Although this shifting of the burden of proof is a recent feature of
legislation in many countries, it is not new. It has been widely
adopted before as part of new laws on equality between men and
women.
National governments are required under EU anti-discrimination law
(specifically the Racial Equality Directive) to designate or set up
a body, or bodies, to help people suffering racial discrimination to
pursue their complaints. In many countries however equality bodies
also help people suffering from discrimination on the grounds of
religion or belief, age, disability, sexual orientation and gender.
The organisation and role of each body or bodies varies from country
to country.
Most of these bodies are part of Equinet, the European Network of
Equality Bodies, which develops co-operation and facilitates the
exchange of information and good practice between the national
organisations. Equinet began as a two year project ‘Strengthening
the co-operation between specialised bodies for the implementation
of equal treatment legislation’ (2002-2004) which was funded by
the European Commission.
National Equality Bodies now exist in most EU Member States. These
independent organisations work to help people who have suffered
discrimination because of their race or ethnic origin, and often
also on the grounds of religion or belief, age, disability, sexual
orientation and gender. They advise people who have been
discriminated against on their rights and how to make a complaint if
necessary.
Equality Bodies also have the power to conduct independent surveys
on discrimination and to publish reports on the subject, in order to
help increase understanding of the problem and contribute to finding
solutions.
The directives recognise explicitly that outlawing discrimination
will not necessarily be enough by itself to ensure genuine equality
of opportunity for everyone in society. Specific measures might be
called for to compensate for disadvantages arising from a person’s
racial or ethnic origin, age or other characteristics which might
lead to them being treated unfairly.
For example, ethnic minorities may need special training and
specific help to have a reasonable chance of finding a job. Putting
on training courses or making different arrangements especially for
them are ways of improving their chances. The directives allow
positive action of this kind to be undertaken and do not regard it
as infringing the principle of equal treatment.
Дискримінація буває двох видів: пряма
і непряма. Ми говоримо про дискримінацію,
коли до людини ставляться гірше ніж до
інших людей у схожій ситуації через
расове чи етнічне походження, релігію
чи вірування, інвалідність, вік, стать
чи сексуальну орієнтацію.
Ми говоримо про непряму дискримінацію,
коли на перший погляд нейтральне
положення чи вимоги ставлять людину у
невигідне становище у порівнянні з
іншими людьми через ті самі причини.
Наприклад, вимога, щоб усі працівники
не носили головні убори. Таким чином
виключаються люди, чия релігія вимагає
покривати голову.
У Європі прийнято ряд законів, які
направлені на те щоб боротися з
дискримінацією. Спочатку мова ішла
здебільшого про расову та статеву
дискримінацію. Але в 1997 році країни
члени ЄС погодились внести суттєві
зміни у вже існуюче законодавство.
Країни члени отримали нові повноваження
для боротьби з дискримінацією на основі
расового та етнічного походження та
інвалідності, релігій та вірувань тощо.
У 2000 році Рада одноголосно прийняла
дві директиви та програму дій ЄС.
Ці дві директиви містять
положення, які дають визначення поняттям
пряма та непряма дискримінація, пояснюють
основні права та обов’язки людей, що
стали жертвами дискримінації, пояснюють
процедуру надання доказів зі сторони
позивача та відповідача у цивільних
та адміністративних справах; висувають
вимоги до роботодавців щодо задоволення
потреб інвалідів тощо.
На сьогоднішній день країни члени ЄС
вже повинні були привести своє
законодавство у відповідність до нових
правил. Зокрема, надати людям, які стали
жертвами дискримінації можливість
отримати юридичний захист та компенсацію.
Кожен уряд може вирішувати самостійно
яким чином це відбуватиметься: чи серед
судову процедуру, чи в адміністративному
порядку. Законодавство також повинно
забезпечувати захист жертвам дискримінації
та свідкам.
Згідно з обома директивами, після того
як людина, що подала скаргу, надала
факти, що доводять дискримінацію, свою
невинність повинна довести людина, яку
звинуватили в дискримінації.
Згідно з антидискримінаційним
законодавством ЄС, уряди країн членів
повинні створити органи, які б допомагали
людям, що зазнали переслідувань та
гонінь. Організація та роль цих органів
може бути різною в різних країнах.
Проте директиви визнають,
що законодавства може бути недостатньо
для збереження рівності у суспільстві.
Human Rights Права Людини
Kyiv - 2009
Contents
Part 1 Declaration of Human Rights
Read and translate the text Declaration of Human Rights
3. Find English equivalence for the following words and expressions
4. Fill in the necessary preposition
5. Fill in the words from the box
6. Match the beginning and the end of the sentences
7. Translate the sentences into English
Part 2 a short history of the Human Rights Movement Early Political, Religious and Philosophical Sources
Learn the words
2. Read and translate the text a Short History of the Human Rights Movement Early Political, Religious and Philosophical Sources
3. Translate the sentences into English
4. Find synonyms to the following words and expressions in the text
5. Fill in the necessary preposition
6. Fill in the words from the box.
Translate the summary of the text into English
Part 3 Modern Human Rights Movement Amnesty International
Learn the words
2. Read and translate the text Modern Human Rights Movement Amnesty International
3. Find synonyms to the following words and expressions in the text
4. Fill in the necessary preposition
5. Fill in the right word from the box
6. Match the beginning and the and of the sentences
7. Translate the summary of the text into English
Part 4 Human Rights Watch
1. Learn the words
2. Read and translate the text Human Rights Watch
3. Fill in the necessary preposition
4. Fill in the right word from the box
5. Match the beginning and the end of the sentences
6. Translate sentences into English
Part 5 Amnesty International
Learn the words
2. Read and translte the text Amnesty International
3. Fill in the words from the box
4. Fill in the necessary preposition
5. Match the beginning and the end of the sentences
Part 6 Human Rights Activists
Learn the words
2. Read and translte the text Human Rights Activists Martin Luther King, Jr.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Vyacheslav Chornovil
Levko Lukyanenko
3.Fill in the necessary preposition
4. Fill in the words from the box
5 Match the beginning and the end of the sentences
Human Rights violation Discrimination
Learn the words
2. Read and translate the text Discrimination
3. Translate the summary of the text into English
40
39
3
38
4
37
5
36
6
35
7
34
8
33
9
32
10
31
11
30
12
29
13
28
14
27
15
26
16
25
17
24
18
23
19
22
20
21
41
42
59
43
58
44
57
45
56
46
55
47
54
48
53
49
52
50
51