17. Participle

Participle: There are two participles in English — participle I (present or -ing participle) and participle II (past or -ed participle). The forms of participle I coincide with those of the gerund: a) the simple (indefinite) active: reading; b) the simple (indefinite) passive: being read; c) the perfect active: having read; d) the perfect passive: having been read. Participle I perfect (both active and passive) is used when it is necessary to emphasize that the action expressed by the participle precedes the one expressed by the finite verb. Participle I perfect is mostly used to express temporal and causal relationships. Participle II of most verbs has only one form. If the verb is regu­lar, we add -ed (-d) to the infinitive: work — worked. Participle II of irregular verbs is their "third" form. Constructions with the Participle Both participle I and participle II can be used singly (She went away crying; The tree was cut down), in a phrase (Do you know the man standing at the entrance? Shaken by the news, she stood motion­less), or in a predicative construction (I saw them stealing apples in my garden; She found the lock broken). The participle can form four predicative constructions: a) the objective participial construction (OPC); b) the subjective participial construction (SPC); c) the absolute participial construction (APC); The Objective Participial Construction (OPC) As with other non-finite constructions, the participle in a OPC is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or an object pronoun which denotes a person or a thing performing the action denoted by the participle: I heard them talking loudly. The OPC with participle I is used after the following groups of verbs. 1. Verbs of perception: feel, hear, notice, observe, overhear, per­ceive, see, smell, spot, spy, watch: They noticed a ship approaching the island. The participial construction is used instead of the infinitive construction to refer to part of an event, to emphasize the idea of process. 2. Verbs of encounter: catch, discover, find: She caught them eating jam. The infinitive construction after find refers to something found out by investigation: They found him to be innocent. The participial construction denotes something discovered by chance: They found a man lying in the ditch. 3. Causative verbs: get, have: He had me swimming in a week. The OPC with participle II is used after the following verbs. 1. Perceptual verbs: see, hear, feel: She heard her name mentioned. 2. Volitional verbs and expressions: would like, need, want: I want this watch repaired quickly. 3. Causative verbs: get, have: She had her car serviced. 4. The verb consider: I consider the case closed. The objective participial construction always functions as com­plex object in a sentence.

18. Gerund

Nominal :

1)as a subject*Swimming is nice.2)as a predicative

3)as an object

-preceded by a preposition

*I can boast of having seen

London.

-modified by a possessive

pronoun

Verbal:1)can take a direct object2)can be modified by an adverb

3)has tense and voice distinct..

Gerund As Subject,As

A Part Of A Compound Nom

And Verbal Predicate

As a rule G as subject stands

In front position.in sentences

With the introductory there

G is preceded by the negative

Pronoun no.

*There is no accounting for

His bad behavior

As a predicative the G may

Express either state or identity.In the second case the predicative Of identity reveals the meaning of the subject.In combinations with phasal verbs G forms a compound verbal predicate

Of aspect.

To begin,to start,to conuinue

G As A Direct Object,

As A Prepositional Object

As a DO it follows a number of

Monotransitive verbs,some of

With take only the G,while the others

May be followed by G or by INF

ONLY BY G:to admit,to deny,to fancy,To mencion,to practice,cant help

G or INF:to like,to remember,

To regret,to prefer.

As a PO G may follow:

To agree to,to hear of,to rely on,to succed in,to accuse of

G As An Attribute

When G used as an Att,it

Modifies nouns,mainly

Abstract nouns.it is always

Preceded by a preposition:

Chance of,habit of,idea of,

Risk of,way of,plan for,

reason for,skill in,experience in,

disappointment at.

G As An Adverbial Modifier

Of time( in,before,after,at)

*Before entering the house

She saw a cat.

Of manner(By,in)

*The day has spent in packing

Of attendant circumstances

(without,besides,instead of)

Of purpose(for)

Of condition(in case of)

Of cause(reason)

(for,for fear of,owing to)

0f concession(in spite of)