VIII. Fill the gaps using the following prepositions.

of, from, without, of, by, in, in, from, through, into, on, in, of, of, of, at

1. An illusion is distinguished … hallucination.

2. Such visual illusions are experienced … every sighted person.

3. This may result … diverse sensory information.

4. Another illusion that depends … atmospheric condition is the mirage.

5. Illusion is a misrepresentation … a “real” sensory stimulus.

6. … these instances the perceiver makes an error … processing sensory information.

7. A hallucination is an experience that originates … an external source … stimulation.

8. … effect, cooler layers …air refract the sun’s rays …different angles than do less dense strata … heated air, giving the appearance … water where there is none.

9. As the sun’s rays pass … rain, the droplets separate the white light …its component color.

IX. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1. Illusion is a misrepresentation of a “real” visual stimulus.

2. There is no difference between an illusion and a hallucination.

3. A hallucination is an experience that originates without an external source of stimulation.

4. Illusions are special perceptual experiences in which information arising from “real” external stimuli and leads to false impressions.

5. Some of these false impressions can be controlled by an individual.

6. There are no other groups of illusions.

7. In these instances the perceiver makes an error in storing visual information.

8. The mistake arises within brain and spinal cord.

9. Several optical illusions are made by the refraction of the light.

10. For example, rainbows result from bending of light.

11. Visual illusions don’t include a variety of contrast color phenomena.

12. The groupings are made on the basis of similarity and proximity.

13. Closure is the illusion of seeing an incomplete stimulus as though it were whole.

14. In watching films closure never occurs.

15. A person can see figure and ground at the same time.

X. Answer the following questions:

1. What is an illusion?

2. What is a hallucination?

3. From what factors may false impressions arise?

4. Visual illusions are experienced by every sighted person, aren’t they?

5. What is the origin of the numerous optical illusions?

6. What illusion can be created by atmospheric conditions?

XI. Prove that:

• rainbows and mirages are optical illusions;

• a grey piece of paper if placed on a black background looks whiter than it did on the white background;

• some illusions depend on perceiver’s brain function.

• closure is the illusion of seeing an incomplete stimulus as if it were whole.

XII. Describe any illusion you have ever experienced in your life.

Text 11 conscious awareness: subjective and objective

I. Read and learn the following words

● consciousness [`kn∫əsnəs] сознание ● introspection [,intrə`spek∫n] самосозерцание ● advance [əd`va:ns] развитие, достижение ● awareness [ə`weənəs] знание ● verify [`verifai] проверять ● to overwhelm [,əuvə`welm] переполнять, заваливать, подавлять ● to operate [`pəreit] действовать ● subconscious [`sb`kn∫əs] подсознательный ● preconscious [pri`kn∫əs] сознание ● unconscious бессознательный ● to monitor [`mnitə] наблюдать ● to register [`redʒistə] записывать, отмечать, регистрировать ● to ignore [ig`n:] игнорировать ● encompass [in`kmpəs] включать (ч.-л.), составлять ● to submerge [səb`mε:dʒ] прятать.