Стилистика St divices
.docThe verbal image – the tenor – the direct thought; the vehicle – the figurative thought
The old woman is sly like a fox.
Metaphor – explaining the unknown in terms of the known
Personification – abstract ideas or inanimate objects are identified with persons
Metonymy – the name of a thing is replaced by the name of associated thing.
(the abstract stands for the concrete; container-contents; material-thing made of it; the maker for the things made; the instrument for the agent; a part is put for the whole – synecdoche=we need new faces in out company)
Irony – one is said and the opposite is intend: nice weather, isn’t it?
Zeugma – blending together two or more semantically incompatible word groups: She took her breakfast and her bath.
Pun – 1) one word different meanings 2) alike in sound but different in writing and in meaning: the importance of being Earnest, I beg your pardon? I’m not offended.
Epithet – interplay of emotive and logical meanings: cold wind, blue sea, green pen
(simple/word-epithets; compound epithets (apple-faced woman); two-step epithets (a marvelously radiant smile); phrase epithets (I-am-not-that-kind-of-girl look); reversed epithets: compound of two nouns linked of an of-phrase (the shadow of a smile)
Oxymoron – the tenor and the vehicle are diametrically opposite: cold fire;
paradox – a contradictory or absurd: war is peace
Antonomasia – the proper name of a person, who is famous for some of his features, is for a person having the same picture: her husband is an Othello, Mr. Know-All, Mr. Dolittle
Simile – the intensification of some single feature of a thing (as, like) his face remained as immobile as stone
Hyperbole – overstatement or exaggeration of a feature to the object.
understatement – smallness is exaggerated
Periphrases – a roundabout way (перефразирование) used to name some object or phenomenon (logical: the object of his admiration (lady), figurative (imagery – to tight the knot), euphemistic – to pass away)
Cliché – word expression which has become familiar: rosy dreams, rising expectations
Proverbs – short, well-known sayings, usually wise
Epigrams – a short clever amusing or a poem: Everything I like is either illegal, immortal or flattening
Quotation – a phrase taken from a work of literature: To be or not to be?
Allusion – a historical, literary, mythological or biblical act which is known to the reader ( the source is given): When Noah build the ark (Bible)
Phraseological units – a set of phrases – one meaning (prolongation – добавляется слово – flew into a drunken rage = to fly into a rage; interaction – два выражения соединяются – to be fed up with smth +to be fed to the teeth; substitution – there is no place like Rome=like home
Stylistic inversion – displacement of some components
Detachment – to give greater significance (commas, dashes, full stops)
parenthesis - explanatory or qualifying remark (2 commas, brackets, dashes) I know (if only I could forget it) that you killed her
Parallel constructions – two or more sentences in close succession with identical or similar syntactical structure: …no birds, no dogs barked, no frogs croaked. it was shabby, faded and…
Chiasmus – repetition of syntactical patterns, but it has reversed order in one of the parts: She was a good sport about all this, but so was he.
Lexico-Syntactical repetition – repeating words, sentence for stylistic purpose, to draw attention
Simple repetition – repeated use of the same word or sentence one after another
Anaphora – repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses or paragraphs
Epiphora - repetition of a word or phrase at the end of several successive clauses
Framing – the initial elements are repeated at the end of an utterance or a paragraph
Anadiplosis – repetition of the word or a group of words that end on eclause at the beginning of the next one
Chain repetition – the succession of several anadiplosis
Enumeration: she was not sure of anything any more, of him, herself, their friends…
Suspense – putting less important info and delaying the main
Climax – an ascending series of words and utterances (logical, emotional, quantitative)
Antithesis – one word is set against another one to stress certain qualities: For many are called but few are chosen
Asyndeton – avoidance of conjunctions
Polysyndeton – repetition of conjunctions, connectives or prepositions in close succession
The Gap-sentence link – separation of two parts of a sentence by a full stop
Ellipsis – the omission of a word/s necessary for the complete syntactical structure: You feel ok?
Aposiopesis – sudden breaking off of a thought (…, - are used)
Question-in-the-narrative – a question is asked and the answer is immediately given or evident
Represented Speech
Uttered Represented Speech - lacks inverted commas, show speech peculiarities
Unuttered Represented Speech – reflects the feelings and thoughts of the character
Rhetorical Question – expects no answer
Litotes – double negation is used (no, not+negative meaning) величественно, громко
Transposition –use of forms l in unusual grammatical meanings (ex.of phrase with 2 nouns denoting animate/living beings)Thomas Cook it!
Alliteration – repetition of the same sounds (initial consonants, stressed syllables) Forget and forgive, you shop, we drop
Onomatopoeia – imitation of sounds (crackle, hiss) bow-bow, гав-гав
Rhyme – the identity of sounds between syllables
Rhythm – the pattern of sounds perceived as the recurrences od equivalent “beats” at equal intervals
Punctuation marks, exclamation, interrogation, dash, full-stop, comms
Italics – курсив, capital letters, spacing out – в разрядку, bold type – жирный
Multiplication of letters, consonants/vowels – the absu – u – rudest creature
Hyphenation – L-e m-m-a-l-a
Graphon – She is so sorful… but that’sh what hish, lemmi – let me, readin’ - reading