- •1. Phonetics as a science
- •2. Articulatory aspect of speech sounds
- •3. Acoustic aspect of speech sounds
- •4. Functional aspect of speech sounds
- •5. Methods of phonological analysis
- •6. Orthorgaphy and its principles
- •7. National language, national variants, dialects
- •8. American English as a national variety of the English language
- •9. Variations of pronunciation within orthoepic norms
- •10. Received Pronunciation. Classifications of main types
- •11. Received Pronunciation. Changes of vowel and consonant quality
- •12. Main differences between southern and northern dialects of England
- •13. Aspects of the phoneme
- •14. Allophones
- •15. Main trends in phoneme theory
- •16. Assimilation
- •17. Accommodation, elision and insertion of consonants
- •18. The problem of affricates
- •19. Classification of English consonant phonemes according to the manner of articulation
- •20. Classification of English consonant phonemes according to the place of articulation and active organ of speech
- •21. Classification of English consonant phonemes according to the degree of noise, work of vocal cords, force of articulation and position of the soft palate
- •22. Classification of English vowel phonemes according to the position of the tongue
- •23. Classification of English vowel phonemes according to the stability of articulation
- •24. Classification of English vowel phonemes according to the lip position, length, tenseness and character of vowel end
- •25. The phonemic status of English diphthongs and triphthongs
- •26. The unstressed vocalism of the English language
- •27. Accommodation and reduction of English vowels
- •28. Classification of syllables
- •29. Theories of the syllable
- •30. Rules of syllable division
- •31. Functions of the syllable
- •32. Word stress and its classification
- •33. English word accentuation tendencies
- •34. Functions of word stress
- •35. Interrelation of word stress and sentence stress
- •36. Voice pitch as one of the components of intonation
- •37. Sentence stress
- •38. Temporal and tambral components of intonation
- •39. The communicative function of intonation
- •40. Extralinguistic situation and its components
- •41. Classification of phonetic styles on suprasegmental level
- •42. Classification of phonetic styles on segmental level. Stylistic modifications of sounds
- •43. Style-modifying factors
- •44. Speech culture and speech etiquette
42. Classification of phonetic styles on segmental level. Stylistic modifications of sounds
Accommodation (nasalization, palatalization, labialization), reduction, elision. monophtongization, insertion.
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43. Style-modifying factors
Style-forming factor: the aim of communication.
Style-modifying factors:
- the degree of formality of the situation:
formal/informal,
public (group)/non-public (face to face);
- the degree of spontaneity (hesitation phenomenon, pauses of various length and quality; lengthening of sound within words and in the word-final position, non-systematic rhythm, narrow pitch range, varying tempo);
- the speaker's attitude;
- the form of communication:
monologue/dialogue.
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44. Speech culture and speech etiquette
S. culture is a branch of linguistics, which sets and explains standards of oral and written literary language.
Two stages of S. culture: S. correctness & S. proficiency (appropriateness, accuracy, expressiveness, clarity, originality).
Objective: defining objective language standards in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar; standards which reflect the traditions enshrined in literature by artists in words; language development trends, which renew the standard.
S. culture requirements: content, logic, structure, ability to use speech mechanism, language literary norm (a set of rules and traditions in diff. areas of the language), communicative expediency, expressiveness.
S. etiquette is an accepted set of requirements of forms, contents, orders, characters and situational relevance of utterance or expression (lexical, morphological, stylistic L., L. of intonation, orthoepy, organization of communication).