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.pdfПрактическое задание 11
Exercise 1. Translate into Russian, paying attention to the objective infinitive construction.
1.I don’t consider him to be a good manager.
2.The manager considers the results to be unsatisfactory.
3.We expected John to be elected.
4.We expect interest rates to rise next week.
5.We assume the market share of these brewing companies not to have increased.
6.The experts findthe demand to turn out to be greater than expected.
7.They proved the demand to have been highly elastic when the market was depressed.
8.We show the small firm to specialize in one product.
9.They believe the larger firms to be able to employ buyers who are experienced in buying particular products.
10.The scientists know the “ownership” of labour to be highly unpop ular politically.
Exercise 2. Translate into Russian, paying attention to the subjective infin i- tive construction.
1.The free market economy is said to be more flexible.
2.The strike is expected to end soon.
3.Complimentarity is said to exist when an increase in the demand of another product.
4.Consumers are assumed to wish to maximize their utility of satisfaction.
5.Firms are assumed to maximize their short-run profits.
6.When an increase in the scale of production yields a more than proportionate increase in output, the enterprise is said to be exp eriencing economies of scale.
7.The company is said to be losing a lot of money.
8.Goods which are close substitutes for one another are said to be in competitive
demand.
9.A good is said to be in composite demand when it is demanded for several different uses.
10.The capitalist system is said to be based upon the principle of competition.
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Занятие 12
Перевод официально-деловых материалов. Перевод латинских фраз.
Перевод официально-деловых материалов включает в себя перевод текстов соглашений, контрактов, договоров. Он требует знания характерных особенностей их построения и передачи.
1. Для официальных документов характерна четкость построения, обеспечивающая логическую последовательность изложения, отграничение одной мысли от другой. Большие по размеру документы делятся на:
Разделы |
– sections |
|
Подразделы |
|
– subsections |
Главы |
|
– chapters |
Статьи |
|
– articles |
Пункты, параграфы |
– clauses, items, points, counts, paragraphs |
Такие термины, как clause, item, point, count, paragraph, часто не имеют четкой дифференциации значений и при переводе данного документа лишь необходимо придерживаться того, чтобы одному и тому же английскому термину постоянно соответствовал один и тот же русский вариант.
Кроме того, в английском тексте оф ициальных документов часто и с- пользуются буквенные обозначения разделов или пунктов – а), в), с), d) и так далее. При переводе следует сохр анять буквы латинского алфавита, так как это способствует сохранению точности и облегчает ссылки на соответствующий документ при переводе с русского языка на английский язык.
2. Для обеспечения аутентичности перевода необходимо обеспечить не только точную передачу содержания документа, но и точную передачу некоторых моментов, которые на первый взгляд могут показаться формальными. Так, необходимо следить за тем, чтобы в переводе было четкое соответствие официальных названий, принятых в русском и английском языках:
The USA |
США |
The United Stated of America |
Соединенные Штаты Америки |
3. Для исключения возможности разночтений или неправильной и н- терпретации перевода текста документа переводчик часто прибегает к дословному переводу формулир овки текста, что ведет к созданию большого количества штампов, которые быстро становятся традиционными и регулярно употребляются при переводе официально-деловых материалов:
The terms and conditions |
– сроки и условия |
Within the framework |
– в рамках |
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The contracting parties |
– договаривающиеся стороны |
Within prejudice to |
– без ущерба |
4. Одна из основных особенностей оф ициально-деловых материалов – стремление в максимально сжатой форме изложить содержание документа, что ведет к изложению в одном предложении самых разнообразных положений. А это, в свою очередь, вызывает появление внутри одного предложения многочисленных инфинитивных и причастных придаточных оборотов. В таких случаях при переводе на русский язык уместно пользоваться дословным переводом.
5. В договорах, контрактах, уставах и других официально-деловых материалах очень часто встречаются случаи употребления глагола shall со 2-м и 3-м лицом единственного числа. При переводе на русский язык в таких случаях употребляется настоящее время, а оттенок долженствования, имеющийся в английском языке, не передается.
6. В связи с обилием традиционных формулировок, исторически скл а- дывавшихся в течение длительного времени, для официально-деловых материалов характерно употребление торжественной, а подчас и архаической лексики. При переводе подобных слов нужно использовать соответствующие слова и фразы, имеющиеся в русском языке. Например:
Aforesaid |
– вышеуказанный |
Abovementioned |
– вышеупомянутый |
Herein |
– при сем, в данном документе |
Hereinafter named |
– здесь и далее именуемый |
Передача таких слов, как therein, therewith, there at, there of, there to, за-
висит от контекста.
7. В английских официальных текстах иногда употребляются лати н- ские и французские слова и фразы, как правило, эти исключения переводятся на русский язык их соответствиями.
Ad hoc |
|
– специальный |
Bona fide |
– чистосердечно |
|
Condition sine qua non |
– непременное условие |
|
En bloc |
|
– в целом |
Fait accompli |
|
– свершившийся факт |
Inter a lia |
– помимо всего прочего |
|
Ipso facto |
|
– по самому факту |
M utatis mutandis |
– с соответствующими из менениями |
|
M odus vivendi |
|
– временное решение вопроса |
Per capita |
|
– на душу населения |
Pro tempore |
|
– временно |
Etc. |
|
– и т.д. |
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Некоторые иноязычные слова и фразы, получившие широкое распр о- странение в разных языках, при переводе на ру сский язык либо сохраняются в своем иностранном написании, либо транскрибируются. Последний способ является наиболее распространенным. Например:
Status qvo |
– статус кво |
Quorum |
– кворум |
Persona (non) grate– персона (нон) грата
Tabula rasa |
– |
табуля раза |
Casus belli |
– |
казус белли |
A priori |
– априори |
|
De facto |
– де-факто |
|
Force majeure |
– форс-мажор |
8.Четкость построения официальных текстов находит свое отражение
ив унифицированной схеме начала и окончания текста.
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Практическое задание 12
Exercise 1: Translate, paying attention to rendering archaic word.
1.The Banks grant to the Borrower upon the terms and subject to the conditions hereof a loan facility in the aggregate amount of … or the equivalent thereof in
Deutsche M ark.
2.The Facility is made available severally by each Bank in the amount of its Commitment. The failure of any Bank to carry out its obligations hereunder shall not relieve any other Bank, the Agent or the Borrow of any Bank be liable for the obligations of any other Bank hereunder.
3.The Facility is available to the Borrower only during the Availability Period. Any part of the Facility which remains undrawn and uncancelled on the Termination Date shall be automatically cancelled at the close of business on that date.
4.CONDITIONS PRECEDENT
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained or implied in this Agreement, the Borrower shall not be entitled to give notice of its intention to draw any Advance hereunder until all the documents listed in the Second Schedule have been received by the Agent and in from and substance satisfactory to the Agent.
5. The agent shall be under the same obligations and be ent itled to the same rights and powers in relation to any sums advanced by it hereunder in its capacity as a Bank as if it were not the Agent nor shall it be obliged by reason of its position as Agent or otherwise to account to any other Bank for any sum received by it for its own account hereunder or for the profit element thereof.
6.It shall not be a defence to a claim by any Bank under this Clause that any increased cost, reduction or payment therein referred to could have been avoided by such Bank.
7.The Borrow will, within forty -five days of the date hereof, pay to the Agent for account of the M anagers a management fee in accordance with the terms of the letter dated 8th October, 1975 sent by the Borrower to the M anagers.
8.The Borrower may not give any notice of its intention to make a drawing hereunder until all documents listed in the Second Schedule hereto have been in the possession of the Agent in sufficient copies for the Agent and each Bank and in from and substance satisfactory to the Agent for at least five Business Days.
Exercise 2: Translate, paying attention to rendering Latin cliches.
1. Any payment by the Borrower of its obligations under any Note shall discharge pro tanto the Borrower’s obligations under this Agreement and upon due payment or
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satisfaction by the Borrower of all its obligations under the Notes, or of the corresponding obligations in this Agreement, the same shall be cancelled and forthwith returned to the Borrower.
2.B) Any prepayment of the proportion of any Advance lent by any Bank persuant to Clause 12, 13, or 14 shall reduce pro rata the Borrower’s obligation to repay such Advance under Clause 9 on each subsequent Repayment Date.
3.Its obligations hereunder are and will be direct, unconditional and general obligations of the Borrower and will rank at least pari passu with all other indebtedness and contingent liabilities of he Borrower.
4.Provided, that it shall not be an Event of Default if the Borrower conducts a bona fide dispute in respect of any such indebtedness to settle such dispute.
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|
GLOSS ARY |
Aggregate demand |
the proportion of the total demand (for a product) that |
|
is supplied by a particular manufacturer or brand |
Aggregate supply |
the total amount of goods and services resulting from |
|
adding together all the spending power of people in the |
|
complete economy of a country |
Barriers to entry |
actors which prevent the entry of new firms into an |
|
industry |
Barter |
trade by direct exchange of goods for other goods |
|
without using money |
Bill of exchange |
a written order telling one person to pay a certain sum |
|
of money to a named person on demand or at a certain |
|
time in the future |
Buying power |
the amount of goods and services that money can buy |
|
at a given time |
Capital |
accumulated wealth or property, used in the production |
|
of further wealth, i.e. one of the factors of production, |
|
the others being land and labor |
Cheque |
legally, a bill of exchange drawn on a balance payable |
|
on demand |
Command economy |
an economy where the government makes all decisions |
|
about production and consumption |
Commodity |
any article (a good or a service) that can be bought or |
|
sold |
Competition based pric- |
setting a price based on the prices charged by competi- |
ing |
tors for similar products |
Conglomerate firm |
a firm that is engaged in a number of unrelated produc- |
|
tive activities, e.g. car assembly and the production of |
|
bread |
Conglomerate merger |
a merger between firms in unrelated business, e.g. |
|
between an automobile manufacturer and a food |
|
processing firm |
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Consumer goods |
goods that satisfy personal needs rather than those re- |
|
quired for theproduction of other goods |
Cost inflation |
the kind of inflation that is caused by rising costs of |
|
labor and materials, not by increased demand |
Costing estimating |
the cost of making goods or fixing the prices they |
|
should be sold at to make a profit |
Cost plus pricing |
fixing a price by adding a percentage profit margin to |
|
the cost of production of the good or service |
Creeping inflation |
a slow rise in the level of prices of below 2 or 3 per |
|
cent a year |
Demand |
the quantity of goods or services which purchasers are |
|
prepared to buy at a given price in a given p eriod of |
|
time |
Demand inflation |
the kind of inflation caused by an excess of demand |
|
over supply resulting in a decrease in the value of |
|
money |
Denomination |
a class or unit based on quantity, value or measure |
Direct foreign |
investment by companies domiciled in one country in |
investment |
companies a domiciled in another; it usually entails |
|
investor control and managerial involvement |
Discount |
a sum of money allowed for immediate payment of a |
|
sum due to a later date |
Discount House |
a commercial banking firm that discounts bills of e x- |
|
change which have been accepted by accepting houses |
Discouraged worker |
a person who has become depressed about the pros- |
|
pects of ever finding a job and decides to stop even |
|
trying |
Distribution |
the arrangements and activities needed for getting goods |
|
from the manufacturer or importer to the consumer |
|
through the channels of distribution which are usually the |
|
wholesalers and retailers |
Duopoly |
a market consisting of two sellers |
Economic activity |
the activity relating to commerce and industry |
Economic growth |
the percentage annual charge in the national income of |
|
a country or a group of countries |
Economic theory |
that part of the study of economics that examines and |
|
explains the working of an economic system and how |
|
it is influenced by human behavior, by the natural |
|
forces of the world and by man-made institutions such |
|
as markets, laws and governments |
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Economies of scale |
the long run reduction in average costs that occurs as |
|
the scale of the firm’s output is increased |
Economics |
a social science studying human behavior within the |
|
context of markets, the study of the natural laws go- |
|
verning the production, distribution and consumption |
|
of wealth |
Economist |
a social scientist with special knowledge of economics, |
|
such as a teacher or a writer on the subject or a person |
|
who is employed by a business organization to forecast |
|
movements in prices and in the market demand for |
|
various products and services |
Employment |
the use of labor and capital to produce goods and ser- |
|
vices |
Employee |
a person who works for another person or a business, |
|
especially for money |
Employer |
a person or company that hires workers and provides |
|
work |
Entrepreneur |
a person, usually the owner, who organizes, finances and |
|
manages a commercial or industrial business in the expec- |
|
tation of making a profit |
Enterprise |
a business organization |
Equilibrium |
a state of balance when all the economic forces present |
|
in a situation have an equal influence and there is no |
|
tendency to change |
Exchange |
the process of giving and receiving |
Fluctuation |
the rising and falling or changing of prices, numbers, |
|
rates or amounts |
Free market economy |
an economy in which supply and demand regulates |
|
prices, wages, etc., rather than government policy |
Funds |
amounts of money |
Hidden inflation |
the lowering of the quality of products in general in |
|
order to prevent, and so to hide, an increase in price |
Horizontal merger |
a merger between firms that produce and sell the same |
|
products, i.e. between competing firms |
Household |
a group of individuals whose economic decision- |
|
making is interrelated. They enter the market place as |
|
buyers or consumers of goods and services produced |
|
by firms. They provide factor inputs to firms in order |
|
to produce those goods and services |
|
199 |
Hyper-inflation |
an extreme form of inflation, when the money supply |
|
is being increased very rapidly, resulting in an increase |
|
of over 20% of the price level annually |
Income |
the money of all kinds coming in regularly, especially |
|
to a person, family, or organization, such as salary or |
|
wages from employment, rent from property, profits |
|
from business and fees for professional services |
Inflation |
a rise in the general level of prices |
Inflationary gap |
that part of government spending which is not covered |
|
by taxes or borrowing from the public, but is met by |
|
issuing new paper money |
Inflationary spiral |
a state of inflation that gets worse and worse, because |
|
higher prices result in demands for higher wages; and |
|
higher wages increase costs and so cause higher prices |
Innovation |
practical application of an idea that has already been |
|
discovered but is only now to be exploited |
Interest rate |
the relation between the payment received by a lender |
|
of money and the amount of money lent, expressed as |
|
a percentage per period of time |
Intermediary |
an individual acting as a link between persons or com- |
|
panies |
Labor force or |
1) the total number of people employed by a firm or |
workforce |
some other organization to produce goods and servi c- |
|
es; 2) the total number of people in an economy avail- |
|
able to produce goods and services |
Laissez-fair |
loose-rein supervision |
Legal tender |
the form of money in which a person has a right by law |
|
to pay a debt and which the creditor must by law ac- |
|
cept in settlement of the debt |
Liabilities |
the debt owed by a business to its creditors and to its |
|
owner |
Loan |
an amount of money borrowed by an individual or a |
|
company |
Macroeconomics |
part of economic study considering the whole economy |
|
from a national point of view |
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