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Практическое задание 11

Exercise 1. Translate into Russian, paying attention to the objective infinitive construction.

1.I don’t consider him to be a good manager.

2.The manager considers the results to be unsatisfactory.

3.We expected John to be elected.

4.We expect interest rates to rise next week.

5.We assume the market share of these brewing companies not to have increased.

6.The experts findthe demand to turn out to be greater than expected.

7.They proved the demand to have been highly elastic when the market was depressed.

8.We show the small firm to specialize in one product.

9.They believe the larger firms to be able to employ buyers who are experienced in buying particular products.

10.The scientists know the “ownership” of labour to be highly unpop ular politically.

Exercise 2. Translate into Russian, paying attention to the subjective infin i- tive construction.

1.The free market economy is said to be more flexible.

2.The strike is expected to end soon.

3.Complimentarity is said to exist when an increase in the demand of another product.

4.Consumers are assumed to wish to maximize their utility of satisfaction.

5.Firms are assumed to maximize their short-run profits.

6.When an increase in the scale of production yields a more than proportionate increase in output, the enterprise is said to be exp eriencing economies of scale.

7.The company is said to be losing a lot of money.

8.Goods which are close substitutes for one another are said to be in competitive

demand.

9.A good is said to be in composite demand when it is demanded for several different uses.

10.The capitalist system is said to be based upon the principle of competition.

191

Занятие 12

Перевод официально-деловых материалов. Перевод латинских фраз.

Перевод официально-деловых материалов включает в себя перевод текстов соглашений, контрактов, договоров. Он требует знания характерных особенностей их построения и передачи.

1. Для официальных документов характерна четкость построения, обеспечивающая логическую последовательность изложения, отграничение одной мысли от другой. Большие по размеру документы делятся на:

Разделы

– sections

 

Подразделы

 

– subsections

Главы

 

– chapters

Статьи

 

– articles

Пункты, параграфы

– clauses, items, points, counts, paragraphs

Такие термины, как clause, item, point, count, paragraph, часто не имеют четкой дифференциации значений и при переводе данного документа лишь необходимо придерживаться того, чтобы одному и тому же английскому термину постоянно соответствовал один и тот же русский вариант.

Кроме того, в английском тексте оф ициальных документов часто и с- пользуются буквенные обозначения разделов или пунктов – а), в), с), d) и так далее. При переводе следует сохр анять буквы латинского алфавита, так как это способствует сохранению точности и облегчает ссылки на соответствующий документ при переводе с русского языка на английский язык.

2. Для обеспечения аутентичности перевода необходимо обеспечить не только точную передачу содержания документа, но и точную передачу некоторых моментов, которые на первый взгляд могут показаться формальными. Так, необходимо следить за тем, чтобы в переводе было четкое соответствие официальных названий, принятых в русском и английском языках:

The USA

США

The United Stated of America

Соединенные Штаты Америки

3. Для исключения возможности разночтений или неправильной и н- терпретации перевода текста документа переводчик часто прибегает к дословному переводу формулир овки текста, что ведет к созданию большого количества штампов, которые быстро становятся традиционными и регулярно употребляются при переводе официально-деловых материалов:

The terms and conditions

– сроки и условия

Within the framework

– в рамках

192

The contracting parties

– договаривающиеся стороны

Within prejudice to

– без ущерба

4. Одна из основных особенностей оф ициально-деловых материалов – стремление в максимально сжатой форме изложить содержание документа, что ведет к изложению в одном предложении самых разнообразных положений. А это, в свою очередь, вызывает появление внутри одного предложения многочисленных инфинитивных и причастных придаточных оборотов. В таких случаях при переводе на русский язык уместно пользоваться дословным переводом.

5. В договорах, контрактах, уставах и других официально-деловых материалах очень часто встречаются случаи употребления глагола shall со 2-м и 3-м лицом единственного числа. При переводе на русский язык в таких случаях употребляется настоящее время, а оттенок долженствования, имеющийся в английском языке, не передается.

6. В связи с обилием традиционных формулировок, исторически скл а- дывавшихся в течение длительного времени, для официально-деловых материалов характерно употребление торжественной, а подчас и архаической лексики. При переводе подобных слов нужно использовать соответствующие слова и фразы, имеющиеся в русском языке. Например:

Aforesaid

– вышеуказанный

Abovementioned

– вышеупомянутый

Herein

– при сем, в данном документе

Hereinafter named

– здесь и далее именуемый

Передача таких слов, как therein, therewith, there at, there of, there to, за-

висит от контекста.

7. В английских официальных текстах иногда употребляются лати н- ские и французские слова и фразы, как правило, эти исключения переводятся на русский язык их соответствиями.

Ad hoc

 

– специальный

Bona fide

– чистосердечно

Condition sine qua non

– непременное условие

En bloc

 

– в целом

Fait accompli

 

– свершившийся факт

Inter a lia

– помимо всего прочего

Ipso facto

 

– по самому факту

M utatis mutandis

– с соответствующими из менениями

M odus vivendi

 

– временное решение вопроса

Per capita

 

– на душу населения

Pro tempore

 

– временно

Etc.

 

– и т.д.

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Некоторые иноязычные слова и фразы, получившие широкое распр о- странение в разных языках, при переводе на ру сский язык либо сохраняются в своем иностранном написании, либо транскрибируются. Последний способ является наиболее распространенным. Например:

Status qvo

– статус кво

Quorum

– кворум

Persona (non) grate– персона (нон) грата

Tabula rasa

табуля раза

Casus belli

казус белли

A priori

– априори

De facto

– де-факто

 

Force majeure

– форс-мажор

8.Четкость построения официальных текстов находит свое отражение

ив унифицированной схеме начала и окончания текста.

194

Практическое задание 12

Exercise 1: Translate, paying attention to rendering archaic word.

1.The Banks grant to the Borrower upon the terms and subject to the conditions hereof a loan facility in the aggregate amount of … or the equivalent thereof in

Deutsche M ark.

2.The Facility is made available severally by each Bank in the amount of its Commitment. The failure of any Bank to carry out its obligations hereunder shall not relieve any other Bank, the Agent or the Borrow of any Bank be liable for the obligations of any other Bank hereunder.

3.The Facility is available to the Borrower only during the Availability Period. Any part of the Facility which remains undrawn and uncancelled on the Termination Date shall be automatically cancelled at the close of business on that date.

4.CONDITIONS PRECEDENT

Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained or implied in this Agreement, the Borrower shall not be entitled to give notice of its intention to draw any Advance hereunder until all the documents listed in the Second Schedule have been received by the Agent and in from and substance satisfactory to the Agent.

5. The agent shall be under the same obligations and be ent itled to the same rights and powers in relation to any sums advanced by it hereunder in its capacity as a Bank as if it were not the Agent nor shall it be obliged by reason of its position as Agent or otherwise to account to any other Bank for any sum received by it for its own account hereunder or for the profit element thereof.

6.It shall not be a defence to a claim by any Bank under this Clause that any increased cost, reduction or payment therein referred to could have been avoided by such Bank.

7.The Borrow will, within forty -five days of the date hereof, pay to the Agent for account of the M anagers a management fee in accordance with the terms of the letter dated 8th October, 1975 sent by the Borrower to the M anagers.

8.The Borrower may not give any notice of its intention to make a drawing hereunder until all documents listed in the Second Schedule hereto have been in the possession of the Agent in sufficient copies for the Agent and each Bank and in from and substance satisfactory to the Agent for at least five Business Days.

Exercise 2: Translate, paying attention to rendering Latin cliches.

1. Any payment by the Borrower of its obligations under any Note shall discharge pro tanto the Borrower’s obligations under this Agreement and upon due payment or

195

satisfaction by the Borrower of all its obligations under the Notes, or of the corresponding obligations in this Agreement, the same shall be cancelled and forthwith returned to the Borrower.

2.B) Any prepayment of the proportion of any Advance lent by any Bank persuant to Clause 12, 13, or 14 shall reduce pro rata the Borrower’s obligation to repay such Advance under Clause 9 on each subsequent Repayment Date.

3.Its obligations hereunder are and will be direct, unconditional and general obligations of the Borrower and will rank at least pari passu with all other indebtedness and contingent liabilities of he Borrower.

4.Provided, that it shall not be an Event of Default if the Borrower conducts a bona fide dispute in respect of any such indebtedness to settle such dispute.

196

 

GLOSS ARY

Aggregate demand

the proportion of the total demand (for a product) that

 

is supplied by a particular manufacturer or brand

Aggregate supply

the total amount of goods and services resulting from

 

adding together all the spending power of people in the

 

complete economy of a country

Barriers to entry

actors which prevent the entry of new firms into an

 

industry

Barter

trade by direct exchange of goods for other goods

 

without using money

Bill of exchange

a written order telling one person to pay a certain sum

 

of money to a named person on demand or at a certain

 

time in the future

Buying power

the amount of goods and services that money can buy

 

at a given time

Capital

accumulated wealth or property, used in the production

 

of further wealth, i.e. one of the factors of production,

 

the others being land and labor

Cheque

legally, a bill of exchange drawn on a balance payable

 

on demand

Command economy

an economy where the government makes all decisions

 

about production and consumption

Commodity

any article (a good or a service) that can be bought or

 

sold

Competition based pric-

setting a price based on the prices charged by competi-

ing

tors for similar products

Conglomerate firm

a firm that is engaged in a number of unrelated produc-

 

tive activities, e.g. car assembly and the production of

 

bread

Conglomerate merger

a merger between firms in unrelated business, e.g.

 

between an automobile manufacturer and a food

 

processing firm

197

Consumer goods

goods that satisfy personal needs rather than those re-

 

quired for theproduction of other goods

Cost inflation

the kind of inflation that is caused by rising costs of

 

labor and materials, not by increased demand

Costing estimating

the cost of making goods or fixing the prices they

 

should be sold at to make a profit

Cost plus pricing

fixing a price by adding a percentage profit margin to

 

the cost of production of the good or service

Creeping inflation

a slow rise in the level of prices of below 2 or 3 per

 

cent a year

Demand

the quantity of goods or services which purchasers are

 

prepared to buy at a given price in a given p eriod of

 

time

Demand inflation

the kind of inflation caused by an excess of demand

 

over supply resulting in a decrease in the value of

 

money

Denomination

a class or unit based on quantity, value or measure

Direct foreign

investment by companies domiciled in one country in

investment

companies a domiciled in another; it usually entails

 

investor control and managerial involvement

Discount

a sum of money allowed for immediate payment of a

 

sum due to a later date

Discount House

a commercial banking firm that discounts bills of e x-

 

change which have been accepted by accepting houses

Discouraged worker

a person who has become depressed about the pros-

 

pects of ever finding a job and decides to stop even

 

trying

Distribution

the arrangements and activities needed for getting goods

 

from the manufacturer or importer to the consumer

 

through the channels of distribution which are usually the

 

wholesalers and retailers

Duopoly

a market consisting of two sellers

Economic activity

the activity relating to commerce and industry

Economic growth

the percentage annual charge in the national income of

 

a country or a group of countries

Economic theory

that part of the study of economics that examines and

 

explains the working of an economic system and how

 

it is influenced by human behavior, by the natural

 

forces of the world and by man-made institutions such

 

as markets, laws and governments

198

Economies of scale

the long run reduction in average costs that occurs as

 

the scale of the firm’s output is increased

Economics

a social science studying human behavior within the

 

context of markets, the study of the natural laws go-

 

verning the production, distribution and consumption

 

of wealth

Economist

a social scientist with special knowledge of economics,

 

such as a teacher or a writer on the subject or a person

 

who is employed by a business organization to forecast

 

movements in prices and in the market demand for

 

various products and services

Employment

the use of labor and capital to produce goods and ser-

 

vices

Employee

a person who works for another person or a business,

 

especially for money

Employer

a person or company that hires workers and provides

 

work

Entrepreneur

a person, usually the owner, who organizes, finances and

 

manages a commercial or industrial business in the expec-

 

tation of making a profit

Enterprise

a business organization

Equilibrium

a state of balance when all the economic forces present

 

in a situation have an equal influence and there is no

 

tendency to change

Exchange

the process of giving and receiving

Fluctuation

the rising and falling or changing of prices, numbers,

 

rates or amounts

Free market economy

an economy in which supply and demand regulates

 

prices, wages, etc., rather than government policy

Funds

amounts of money

Hidden inflation

the lowering of the quality of products in general in

 

order to prevent, and so to hide, an increase in price

Horizontal merger

a merger between firms that produce and sell the same

 

products, i.e. between competing firms

Household

a group of individuals whose economic decision-

 

making is interrelated. They enter the market place as

 

buyers or consumers of goods and services produced

 

by firms. They provide factor inputs to firms in order

 

to produce those goods and services

 

199

Hyper-inflation

an extreme form of inflation, when the money supply

 

is being increased very rapidly, resulting in an increase

 

of over 20% of the price level annually

Income

the money of all kinds coming in regularly, especially

 

to a person, family, or organization, such as salary or

 

wages from employment, rent from property, profits

 

from business and fees for professional services

Inflation

a rise in the general level of prices

Inflationary gap

that part of government spending which is not covered

 

by taxes or borrowing from the public, but is met by

 

issuing new paper money

Inflationary spiral

a state of inflation that gets worse and worse, because

 

higher prices result in demands for higher wages; and

 

higher wages increase costs and so cause higher prices

Innovation

practical application of an idea that has already been

 

discovered but is only now to be exploited

Interest rate

the relation between the payment received by a lender

 

of money and the amount of money lent, expressed as

 

a percentage per period of time

Intermediary

an individual acting as a link between persons or com-

 

panies

Labor force or

1) the total number of people employed by a firm or

workforce

some other organization to produce goods and servi c-

 

es; 2) the total number of people in an economy avail-

 

able to produce goods and services

Laissez-fair

loose-rein supervision

Legal tender

the form of money in which a person has a right by law

 

to pay a debt and which the creditor must by law ac-

 

cept in settlement of the debt

Liabilities

the debt owed by a business to its creditors and to its

 

owner

Loan

an amount of money borrowed by an individual or a

 

company

Macroeconomics

part of economic study considering the whole economy

 

from a national point of view

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