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LESSON 6

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In this lesson you will:

•Learn new basic roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms.

•Use these component elements to form and understand medical terms.

This lesson is divided into the following sections:

I. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms.

II.Exercises.

I. ROOTS AND SUFFIXES USED IN THE GREEK AND LATIN MEDICAL TERMS

ROOTS

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SUFFIXES

II.EXERCISES

1.Build up clinical terms with the given roots and suffixes, explain their meaning:

•tachy- (-cardia; -kinesia; -arrhythmia);

•hydr(o)- (-therapia; -phobia; -thorax; -rrhoea; -nephrosis; -cephalia; -metra; -myelia);

•pyr(o)- (-mania; -therapia; -phobia; -genus);

•-(o)phobia (hydr-; gynaec-; toxic-; mono-);

•di- (-dactylia; -plegia; -cheilia);

•-(o)pexia (nephr-; metr-; proct-; cyst-; col-);

•-(o)plegia (cyst-; ophthalm-; di-; mono-; cardiomyo-; gloss-);

•-(o)lithus (enter-; phleb-; ur-; rhin-; hepat-; nephr-).

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2. Explain the meaning of the following terms:

3. Give the Greek & Latin variants and explain the meaning of the following terms:

histology; anesthesia; gynecophobia; erythropenia; melanosis; bradycardia; hypogastrium; hypertrophy; hydrology; pyrogenic; pyuria; erythema; monodactyly; bilateral; esthesiology; oncotomy; gynecopathy; lipemia; diplegia; erythrocyturia; enterolith; nephrolithiasis; histoma; oncosis; chondrodystrophy; lipatrophy; gastroduodenostomy; otorrhagia; enteropexy; bradykinesia; monophobia; pyelotomy; lipopenia; toxicophobia; myorrhaphy; myogenic; myelogram; lipofibroma; periodontium; periostitis; oncocytoma; cystopyelogram.

4. Give the Latin spelling of the terms; explain their meaning:

hydrophthalmos; mammography; cancerophobia; glossoplegia; rhinolith; glycemia; hydrometra; cytopenia; anesthesiology; hydrocholecystis;

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angiography; glossorrhagia; colpopexy; phlebolith; melanodermia; monocytopenia; monomyoplegia; nephromegaly; mononeuritis; gastropexy; dicheilia; dysenteria; lipodystrophy; colostomy; cholelithiasis; cardiotomy; chondrotomy; tachyphagia; cardiomegaly; bradyphagia; hydrotherapy; urolith; cardiophobia; ophthalmoplegia; metropexy; parodontosis; rhinopathy; gynecology.

5.Form the Greek & Latin clinical terms according to the meaning:

•excess of lipids in the blood

•paralysis (palsy) of the tongue

•fixation of the vagina

•particular type of white blood cell that has one nucleus

•producing (caused) by fever

•renal stone

•abnormally fast heart rate

•slowing of swallowing

•collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity

•fear of water

•branch of medicine that treats diseases of the genital tract in women

•benign tumour composed of fatty tissues

•dark pigment excreted in the urine

•study of tumours

•decreased number of erythrocytes

•palsy (paralysis) of the bladder

•fixation of the rectum

•one finger on the hand

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•urinary stone

•abnormally slow heart action (slow pulse)

•use of water in the treatment of disease or injury

•producing fat

•microscopic study of tissues

•dark pigment in the skin

•palsy (paralysis) of one extremity

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LESSON 7

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SAMPLE OF A FINAL TEST IN CLINICAL TERMINOLOGY

In this lesson you will:

• become familiar with a Final Test sample

Final Test in Clinical Terminology

V - 2

I. Explain the meanings of the following terms:

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PART III. PHARMACEUTICAL

TERMINOLOGY

LESSON 1

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INTRODUCTION TO THE PHARMACEUTICAL TERMINOLOGY

In this lesson you will:

•Become familiar with the main groups of drugs

•Learn the names of the main pharmaceutical forms

•Learn some Latin and Greek component elements of drug names

•Become familiar with the word-formative and grammar structure of pharmaceutical terms

This lesson is divided into the following sections:

I. Introduction to the pharmaceutical terminology

II.Pharmaceutical forms

III. Latin and Greek component elements of drug names

IV. Word-formative and grammar structure of pharmaceutical terms

V.Exercises.

I.INTRODUCTION TO THE PHARMACEUTICAL TERMINOLOGY

The pharmaceutical terminology is the terminology used in Pharmacology (derived from the Greek “pharmacon” – “drug”). Pharmacology is the study of medicinal substances called pharmaceuticals. The International Drug Nomenclature amounts at the present time to 400,000 drugs.

Learning objectives of this course of studies: at the end of the course of studies you should:

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1.know how a prescription is written in Latin;

2.write correctly in Latin one-word and multiword pharmaceutical terms;

3.know Latin and Greek component elements of drug names;

4.learn a certain amount of Latin drug names.

Main pharmaceutical terms

•Pharmaceutical form (drug form) – form of the drug suitable for a definite method of administration. These forms are divided into:

liquids (solutions, infusions, decoctions, tinctures, extracts, mucilages, emulsions, suspensions, mixtures and liniments),

semisolids (ointments, pastes, suppositories, plasters) and

solids (tablets, dragee, powders).

•Drug is any material or substance, whether natural or synthetic, that can be used to treat an illness, relieve a symptom or modify a chemical process in the body for a specific purpose. The names of drugs can be officinal or magistral:

Officinal (from Latin. officina – drugstore) drugs are drugs which are manufactured by the pharmaceutical industry and which have a standard contents indicated in pharmacopeias. For example: tabulettae Cefalexini, unguentum “Lorindenum”. Such drugs can have international nonpatent names and trade names:

o International nonpatent names are given by the WHO (World Health Organisation). These are mostly the chemical names of drugs. Under these names the drugs can be used in any country.

oTrade name (proprietary or brand name) is the copyrighted name assigned by the drug company making the drug and is followed by the symbol ®.

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Magistral drugs (from Latin magister - teacher) are called the drugs which are made at the direction of a physician.

•Medicinal substance is a chemical compound used as a drug. Medicinal substances are produced by chemical means.

•Drug preparation is a drug prepared in a definite pharmaceutical form.

II.MAIN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMS

You should learn the main pharmaceutical forms as follows (in a dictionary form!):