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Текст 1 Economics and the Economy

Every group of people must solve three basic problems of daily living: what goods and services to produce, how to produce these goods and services, and for whom to produce these goods and services.

Economics is the study of how society decides what, how, and for whom to produce.

By goods we mean physical commodities such as steel, cars, and strawberries. By services we mean activities such as massages or live theatre performances, which can be consumed or enjoyed only at the instant they are produced. In exceptional circumstances, society may find that sortie of the questions about what, how, and for whom to produce have already been answered; until the arrival of Man Friday, Robinson Crusoe need not worry about the 'for whom' question. In general, however, society must answer all three questions.

By emphasizing the role of society, our definition places economics within the social sciences, the sciences that study and explain human behavior. The subject matter of economics is that part of human behaviors which relates to the production, exchange, and use of goods and services. The central economic problem for society is how to reconcile the conflict between people's virtually limitless desires for goods and services, and the scarcity of resources (labor, machinery, and raw materials) with which these goods and services can be produced. In answering the questions what, how, and for whom to produce, economics explains how scarce resources are allocated between competing claims on their use.

Текст 2 The Role of the Market

Markets bring together buyers and sellers of goods and services. In some cases, such as a local fruit stall, buyers and sellers meet physically. In other cases, such as the stock market, business can be transacted over the telephone, almost by remote control. We need not go into these details. Instead, we use a general definition of markets.

A market is a shorthand expression for the process by winch households' decisions about consumption of alternative goods, firms decisions about what and how to produce, and workers' decisions about how much and for whom to work are all reconciled by adjustment of prices.

Prices of goods, and of resources, such as labor, machinery and land, adjust to ensure that scarce resources are used to produce these goods and services that society demands.

Much of economics is devoted to the study of how markets and prices enable society to solve the problems of what, how, and for whom to produce. Suppose you buy a hamburger for your lunch. What does this have to do with markets and prices? You chose the cafe because it was fast, convenient and cheap. Given your desire to eat, and your limited resources, the low hamburger price told you that this was a good way to satisfy your appetite. You probably prefer steak but that is more expensive. The price of steak is high enough to ensure that society answers the for whom question about lunchtime steaks in favor of someone else.