2 Students are studying for 3 years in a college before they apply for admission to a medical school.

3 The competition to a medical school is very high.

4 Medical students are working for two years in clinics and out­patient departments.

5 The tuition fee is increasing with every coming year.

Task 4 Read the text:

MEDICAL EDUCATION IN THE USA

After finishing secondary studies those young people who are inter­ested in medicine must complete 3-4 years of higher education in a col­lege or university. This period of college or university studies is called “the premedical phase”. The students who are taking this course of stud­ies preparing them for a medical school are called “premeds”. A student applies for admission to a medical school when he has completed premed­ical studios. Academic achievement is the most important factor in the selection of students. In most medical schools candidates are required to pass the admission test. This is a national multiple choice test. The test lasts about eight hours over a one day period and includes questions in biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics and English. Then, special ad­mission committees have personal interviews with the candidate in order to assess the candidate’s general qualities, his character and his ability to study medicine. Usually the competition is very high and only about half of the students who apply to a medical school are accepted. The basic med­ical sciences are presented largely during the first two years of medical studies. The students study in the first year anatomy, biophysics, bio­chemistry, physiology, bacteriology, histology and other subjects. In the second year they study microbiology, pathology, physical diagnosis, phar­macology and laboratory diagnosis.

During the final two years the curriculum consists of clinical subjects and the students in small group meet their teachers in the wards and in the out-patient departments where they participate in the treatment of patients.

At the end of the fourth year all students receive the Degree of Doctor of Medicine, that is MD. Then they must work for one year as interns. After the internship young doctors must have a period of residency at the clinic which is obligatory for all medical graduates. This period depends on the specialty of the doctor. Generally it is three or four years.

Medical education is not free in USA. Of late medical schools are gradually increasing tuition fee in all the universities of the USA. Only a small part of students receive scholarships. The government-financed universities charge less while the tuition of the private colleges and uni­versities is extremely high.

Generally a typical budget for the full course tuition in medicine for one academic year at the government-financed universities is about 12 000-13 000 dollars and at Medical schools which are privately endowed is 15 000-16 000 dollars.

E.G.:

Tuition 9500 dollars

Books, instruments, etc. . . . 100 dollars

Food 2000 dollars

Lodging and utilities 1500 dollars

Health service fee 250 dollars

Hospital insurance 150 dollars

Personal 1800 dollars

Admission fee 50 dollars

The academic year is divided into 3 terms. The first trimester runs from September 8 - December 22 (15 weeks). The second trimester (9 weeks), January 3 - March 3. The third trimester (12 weeks), March 8 - June 2.

Task 5 Find answers in the text to the following questions:

1 When does a student apply for admission to a medical school?

2 What is the most important factor in the selection of students?

3 What is the aim of personal interview with applicants?

4 What subjects do the students have during the first two years of medical studies?

5 What does the curriculum consist of during the final two years?

6 What degree do students receive at the end of study?

7 What is the period of internship?

8 Where can the graduate work after residency?

Task 6 Choose the proper Ukrainian equivalents to the English words and word combinations:

1. academic year	a) предмет
2. complete	b) стипендія
3. curriculum	c) плата за навчання
4. subject	d) приватний
5. participate	e) навчальний рік
6. internship	f) студент-медик,
	що закінчив навчання
7. tuition fee	g) програма
8. scholarship	h) брати участь
9. medical graduate	i) завершувати
10. private	j) інтернатура

Task 7 Choose the correct meaning:

1. curriculum

a) schedule b) table c) programme d) timetable

2. complete

a) end b) finish c) graduate d) provide

3. medical school

a) university b) department c) college d) academy

4. residency

a) work at private office b) years of post MD training

c) work at the hospital d) independent work

Task 8 Put the words in the right order:

1 To make a sentence:

a) lasts, choice, usually, the, 8 hours, about, multiple.

b) test, medical, is, most, Admission, schools, in, required.

2 To make a question:

a) Academic, factor, achievement, Is, important, an?

b) sciences, are, When, medical, presented?

c) What, curriculum, clinical, are, subjects, included, into?

Task 9 Put the verb in the Present Continuous Tense:

1 The medical students (to have) lecture in Physiology now.

2 They (to learn) Biochemistry and Human Genetics during 9

weeks.

3 Tuition fee (to increase) gradually in all medical schools.

4 Admission Committee (to discuss) the results of the admission test.

5 Professor (to deliver a lecture) in Physics to the first year students.

Task 10 Give negative form of the Present Continuous:

1 We are taking notes of Anatomy.

2 A member of the staff is interviewing the students of the second year.

3 The students are working at the laboratory now.

4 Let's wait for him. He is taking his examination in History now.

Task 11 Choose the proper continuation:

1 Students total expenses throughout the year …

2 The department provides instruction …

3 The laboratory work of the trimester ...

a) in cell physiology and systems physiology

b) is summarized in small group conferences

c) are about several thousand dollars

Task 12 Choose the correct form of the verb:

1 During the third trimester medical students carry out/are carrying out laboratory experiments.

2 The surgeon performs/is performing an appendectomy.

3 The Committee defines/is defining the problems of modern medi­cine.

4The third and fourth year students work/are working in clinics and out-patient departments.

5The students write/are writing test in Anatomy.

Task 13 Translate the following sentences from Ukrainian into English:

1 Студенти навчаються 3 роки в коледжі перш ніж поступити в медичну школу.

2 Конкурс в медичні школи надзвичайно високий.

3Більшість медичних шкіл вимагають, щоб абітурієнти складали вступний тест.

Task 14 Put the verb into Past Continuous:

1. The students are preparing for a medical school 4-5 years.

2. Most medical schools are using a national multiple choice test.

3. During the final two years the students are studying clinical sub­jects.

4. American doctor is working as an intern for a year.

5. The tuition at private colleges and universities is becoming ex­tremely high.

Task 15 Mind that these verbs are not used in the Continuous Tenses:

want, like, love, hate, need, prefer, depend, know, mean, understand, believe, remember, forget.

MEDICAL EDUCATION IN THE USA. Part II.

Task 1 Read the text:

GRADING POLICY

Some American colleges and universities use a grading system based on the mastery of subject material. Each course is based on specific course objectives and where possible on clinical accomplishments that must be completed. Students are made aware of the expectations at the beginning of each course.

The grading standards used in the USA are as follows:

A - for outstanding work which demonstrates exceptional mastery of course material.

B - for good work which is clearly beyond simple, mastery of the course material.

C - for acceptable work indicating a mastery of basic concepts of a course.

D - the lowest passing grade.

E - for work that fails to meet course requirements.

F - to be given only for an administratively excused absence (person­al illness, family tragedy, an “I” (Incomplete) grade signifies that due to some circumstances the student has not achieved the minimal course objectives.

Grades for clinical courses are based on three major criteria:

1) the quality of services provided to patients;

2) the judgement demonstrated in the overall management of patients;

3) the quantity of services provided to patients necessary to as­sure acceptable progress in a clinical discipline.

Inter-related with these criteria is the need to demonstrate an increas­ing level of ability to provide treatment with low dependence on direct faculty supervision. The ultimate objective of the curriculum is to pre­pare the student to provide complete care for patients with a level of qu­ality acceptable to the faculty.

In the event of “I” grade, the student should contact the instructor who will indicate to the student what must be done to complete the course and will also set a time limit which may not exceed one calendar year from the end of the term in which the student was enrolled in the course. If by the end of the year no change in grade has been submitted the stu­dent must re-enroll in the course.

Task 2 Read the text “Grading Policy” once again and say whether the following statements are true to the text:

1. D is not the lowest passing grade.

2. Quality of services provided to patients is very important in estab­lishing grades for clinical courses.

3. The ultimate objective of the curriculum is to achieve high level of ability to provide treatment.

Task 3 Put in the suitable words in the following sentences. Use the key below.

1. Academic achievement is the most important factor in the ... of students.

2. The application to the medical school ... about 850.

3. All medical graduates should have the period of ... .

4. When the student has not achieved the minimal course objectives he is given ... grade.

Key: costs; incomplete; selection; residency.

Task 4 Write questions with: What; When; How; Where.

1. The applicants are having a national test.

2. Some American colleges are using a grading system for checking students’ ability.

3. He was preparing for his test when I phoned.

4. Though it was late the teachers were giving instructions.

Task 5 Make a short dialogue. You and your partner can select replies from lists (1) and (2) below:

1	2
to master subject material	course objectives
outstanding work	major criteria
acceptable work	to meet course requirements
to provide treatment	ultimate objective

Task 6 Translate into English.

1 Плата за навчання в приватних медичних університетах складає 20-30 тис. доларів щорічно.

2 При вступі до вищої медичної школи найбільш вагомим факто­ром є академічна успішність.

3 3-4 роки домедичної освіти є обов’язковими при вступі у вищу медичну школу в США.

4 Головною метою навчання студента-медика є підготовка до на­дання допомоги на високому професійному рівні.