35. The simple sentence. It’s paradigm.

The sentence is a unit of speech whose grammatical structure conforms to laws of language and which serves as the chief means of conveying a thought. A sentence is not only a means of communicating something about reality but also a means of showing the speaker’s attitude to it.

Paradigm of the simple sentence.

Sentence can be of 2 types:

1-member :nominal(by noun) and verbal(gerund/inf)

2-member: complete(both princ.parts) and incomplete(elliptical)

Both 2 types can be extended or unextended.

36. General characteristics of the principal parts of the sentence.

In a sentence we distinguish the principal parts, secondary parts and independent elements. The principal parts of the sentence are the subject and the predicate. The secondary parts are the attribute, the object and the adverbial modifier.

The subject is the principal part of the two-member sentence which is grammatically independent and may denote a living being, a lifeless thing or an idea.

The predicate is the second principal part of the sentence which expresses an action, state, or quality of the person or thing denoted by the subject. It is grammatically independent upon the subject.

37. General characteristics of the secondary parts of the sentence.

In a sentence we distinguish the principal parts, secondary parts and independent elements. The principal parts of the sentence are the subject and the predicate. The secondary parts are the attribute, the object and the adverbial modifier.

The object is a secondary part of the sentence which completes or restricts the meaning of a verb or sometimes an adjective, a word denoting state, or a noun.

The attribute is a secondary part of the sentence which qualifies a noun, a pronoun, or any other part of speech that has a nominal character.

The adverbial modifier is a secondary part of the sentence which modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb. According to their meaning we distinguish the following kinds of adverbial modifiers:

- of time

- of frequency

- of place and direction

- of manner

- of attendant circumstances

- of degree and measure

- of cause

- of result (consequence)

- of condition

- of comparison

- of concession

- of purpose

38. General characteristics of the independent parts of the sentence.

The independent elements of the sentence are words and word-groups which are not grammatically dependent on any part of the sentence.

They are:

1) Interjections, such as ah, oh, hurrah, eh, hallo, goodness gracious, good heavens, etc.

2) Direct address.

Ex. Good morning, sweet child!

3) Parenthesis, like probably, speaking seriously, to begin with, to be sure, unfortunately, indeed, surely, actually, thus, nevertheless, on the one hand, to tell the truth etc.

A parenthesis either shows the speaker’s attitude towards the thought expressed in the sentence or connects a given sentence with another one.

Ex. Unfortunately, we didn’t manage to get there.

39. The compound sentence. Types of coordination.

A compound sentence is a sentence which consists of two or more clauses coordinated with each other.

We distinguish the following types of coordination:

1) Copulative coordination, expressed by the conjunctions and, nor, neither…nor, not only…but. With the help of these conjunctions the statement expressed in one clause is simply added to that expressed in another.

2) Disjunctive coordination, expressed by the conjunctions or, else, or else, either … or , and the conjunctive adverb otherwise. By these a choice is offered between the statements expressed in two clauses.

3) Adversative coordination, expressed by the conjunctions but, while, whereas, and the conjunctive adverbs nevertheless, still, yet. These are conjunctions and adverbs connecting two clauses contrasting in meaning.

4) Causative-consecutive coordination, expressed by the conjunctions for, so and the conjunctive adverbs therefore, accordingly, consequently, hence.