Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Task 12. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the correct form of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

1. Recently in our lab we _____ (to experiment) with generating electricity.

2. Scientists _____ (to study) the properties of this material for two weeks.

3. They _____ (to observe) the electrical interaction between different metals in an acid solution for two weeks.

4. Since the end of the 19^th century we _____ (to use) dry cell batteries.

5. Scientists _____ (to study) the properties of electricity since 1752.

6. He _____ (to work) on developing new electrical devices since 2006.

Task 13. Put the verbs from the list below in the appropriate tense form and fill the gaps in the sentences:

to work, to use, to communicate, to make, to charge,

1. We ______ electric cars since 1832.

2. The mobile phone ______ for two hours.

3. How long ______ your laptop ______ without electricity?

4. Lately, Cisco ______ a big deal about a new 250ns switch.

5. People ______ with help of text messages since 1992.

TRANSLATION PRACTICE

Task 14. Translate the following sentences from Ukrainian into English:

1. Електричні явища лежать в основі сучасних засобів виробництва, транспортування й розподілу енергії.

2. Починаючи з кінця XIX століття, електричні явища відіграють дедалі більшу роль у виробництві й побуті.

3. Тіло людини – гарний провідник, бо на 60% воно складається з води та розчинних у ній електролітів.

4. Залежно від електропровідності всі речовини можна розділити на провідники, діелектрики (ізолятори) й напівпровідники.

5. У техніці, зв'язку, автоматиці і метрології використовуються пристрої, потужність яких вимірюється одиницями, а то й десятими частками долі ват.

6. Експерименти Стівена Ґрея показали, що електрику можна передавати на відстань за допомогою провідників, якщо уникати контакту із землею і використовувати ізоляцію.

7. Досліди Бенджаміна Франкліна, проведені в 1752 році, продемонстрували, що блискавка має електричну природу.

Task 15. Translate the following sentences from English into Ukrainian:

1. Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms of energy.

2. We get electricity, which is a secondary energy source, from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources, which are called primary sources.

3. Beginning with Benjamin Franklin's experiment with a kite one stormy night in Philadelphia, the principles of electricity gradually became understood.

4. In the mid-1800s, everyone's life changed with the invention of the electric light bulb.

5. Electricity gives a wide variety of well-known effects, such as lightning, static electricity, electromagnetic induction and the flow of electrical current.

6. Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity, though advances in the science were not made until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

7. Electrical power is the backbone of modern industrial society.

SPEAKING

Task 16. Work in small groups. Imagine that you have to spend one day without electricity and electrical devices at all. Think on what you are going to do that day, make a short plan of your actions, what is the most preferable for you to do and name the reasons. Share this information with other students in your group.

Words and phrases: to figure, to use, consumption, home, fuel, car, to power, machinery, to harness, energy supply, to watch TV, to go on the computer, to talk on the phone, entertainment, to heat, microwave, etc.

Plan:

1. How many of our everyday activities use electricity?

2. What did our forefathers who did not have electricity do?

3. Whether it is possible to avoid using electricity.

4. Ways to reduce electricity consumption.

WRITING

Task 17. Imagine you could go shopping for electrical goods and appliances in the 1920`s. What electrical devices of our time do you know? Make a comparison between electrical appliances in 1920’s and modern ones – wash machine, vacuum cleaner, popcorn maker, waffle iron and electric toaster (60 – 80 words).

Words and phrases: to use, consumption, home, washing machine, clothes, to damage, suction cleaner, to lift the dirt, dust, to remove, the carpet, radio, battery charger, popcorn maker, electric toaster, etc.

Plan:

1. What electrical appliance s of 1920’s can you name?

2. Compare electrical devices of our time and 1920’s.

3. Make a list of these appliances to help you.