- •Астраханский государственный технический университет
- •«Английский язык»
- •Методическое пособие утверждено на заседании кафедры “ияито” протокол № 10 от 16.05.07
- •IV. Read the text carefully and say what you have learnt about petroleum. A. Petroleum
- •B. Formation of petroleum Biogenic theory
- •Abiogenic theory
- •C. From the history of the oil industry
- •Exercises
- •V. Say if the following statements are true or false. Correct the false ones.
- •III. Read the text carefully and say what you have learnt about natural gas. A. Chemical composition of natural gas
- •B. Storage and transportation of natural gas
- •C. The use of natural gas
- •D. Sources of natural gas
- •E. Possible future sources
- •F. Safety
- •Exercises
- •VII. Render the text about natural gas in the oral form. Unit 3 Oil well
- •I. Study and learn the vocabulary list:
- •II. Look at the title and the picture and say what information the text gives. Read the text attentively for the details and be ready to discuss it with your groupmates.
- •A. The history of an oil well
- •B. Life of a well
- •Drilling
- •Completion
- •3) Production
- •4) Abandonment
- •C. Types of oil wells
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Translate the following sentences into English using your active vocabulary:
- •III. Create a questionnaire on the topic “Oil wells” and test your groupmates’ knowledge. You can use the following questions:
- •Unit 4 Oil exploration
- •I. Study and learn the vocabulary list:
- •II. Read the text carefully and say what you have learnt oil exploration.
- •A. Searching for Oil and Gas
- •B. Oil extraction
- •C. Working conditions in the oil industry
- •D. Occupations in the oil industry
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Give definitions to the following jobs:
- •III. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:
- •IV. Write down own sentences using words and word combinations from exercise 3.
- •V. Make up dialogues using the following situation:
- •Unit 5 How oil drilling works
- •I. Read and learn the vocabulary list:
- •II. Read the text carefully and say what you have learnt oil drilling. A. Preparing to drill
- •B. Setting up the rig
- •C. Drilling
- •D. Drilling rig classification
- •Exercises
- •V. Look at Fig. 4 and tell about the structure of an oil rig.
- •III. Read the text attentively and say what you have learnt about offshore drilling. A. The drilling template
- •B. Moveable offshore drilling rigs
- •1) Drilling barges
- •2) Jack-up rigs
- •3) Submersible rigs
- •4) Semisubmersible rigs
- •5) Drillships
- •C. Permanent platforms
- •1) Fixed platforms
- •2) Compliant towers
- •3) Seastar platforms
- •4) Floating production systems
- •5) Tension leg platforms
- •6) Subsea system
- •7) Spar platforms
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Say if the sentences are true or false. Correct the false sentences.
- •III. Translate the following sentences into English using your active vocabulary:
- •Unit 7 How oil refining works
- •I. Study and learn the vocabulary list:
- •II. Read the text attentively and say what you have learnt about oil refinery. A. From the history of oil refinery
- •B. The refining process
- •Treating and blending the fractions
- •D. Safety and environmental concerns
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Say if the statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
- •III. Translate the following text into English using your active vocabulary:
- •IV. Render the text about oil refinery in the oral form.
- •II. Read the text attentively and say what you have learnt about gasoline. A. What is gasoline?
- •B. Chemical analysis and production of gasoline
- •C. Octane rating
- •D. Volatility
- •E. Gasoline Additives
- •1) Lead
- •3) Oxygenate blending
- •F. Health concerns
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Say if the statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
- •III. Translate the following sentences into English using your active vocabulary:
- •IV. Render the text about gasoline in the oral form. Contents
F. Safety
In any form, a minute amount of odorant such as t-butyl mercaptan, with a rotting-cabbage-like smell, is added to the otherwise colorless and odorless gas, so that leaks can be detected before a fire or explosion occurs. Sometimes a related compound, thiophane is used, with a rotten-egg smell. Adding odorant to natural gas began in the United States after the 1937 New London School explosion. The buildup of gas in the school went unnoticed, killing three hundred students, when it ignited. Odorants are considered non-toxic in the extremely low concentrations occurring in natural gas delivered to the end user.
In mines, where methane seeping from rock formations has no odor, sensors are used, and mining apparatus has been specifically developed to avoid ignition sources, e.g., the Davy lamp.
Explosions caused by natural gas leaks occur a few times each year. Individual homes, small businesses and boats are most frequently affected when an internal leak builds up gas inside the structure. Frequently, the blast will be enough to significantly damage a building but leave it standing. In these cases, the people inside tend to have minor to moderate injuries. Occasionally, the gas can collect in high enough quantities to cause a deadly explosion, disintegrating one or more buildings in the process. The gas usually dissipates readily outdoors, but can sometimes collect in dangerous quantities if weather conditions are right. Also, considering the tens of millions of structures that use the fuel, the individual risk of using natural gas is very low.
Some gas fields yield sour gas containing hydrogen sulfide. This untreated gas is toxic.
Extraction of natural gas (or oil) leads to decrease in pressure in the reservoir. This in turn may lead to subsidence at ground level. Subsidence may affect ecosystems, waterways, sewer and water supply systems, foundations, etc.
Exercises
I. Answer the following questions:
1. What are the other names of natural gas? 2. What is the molecular formula of natural gas? 3. What colour is natural gas? 4. What is the main component of natural gas? 5.Why is natural gas odorized before it is distributed to end-users? 6. Why is transportation and storage of natural gas so difficult? 7.Where is natural gas used? 8. What are the largest natural gas fields?
II. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:
полезные ископаемые, компрессорная станция, преждевременное обводнение залежи, попутный газ, равномерно разместить скважины, газовые залежи, примеси, газовоз, газовая шапка нефтегазового месторождения, пластовое давление, газ в сжиженном состоянии, определить утечку, перетоки газа, химический завод, хранилище природного газа, протяжённость магистральных газопроводов, скапливаться, силы трения
III. Write down own sentences using words and word combinations from exercise 2.
IV. Find in the text the synonyms to the following words:
dangerous, acid, casinghead gas, smell, inoffensive, mainly, belongings, carrier, insipid, cave, aim, include, principal, consumer, storehouse, help, in the end
V. Say if the following statements are true or false. Correct the false ones.
1. Natural gas is rather harmful to the human body because of its odour. 2. Natural gas is sour. 3. A greenhouse is a special place where natural gas is stored before its transportation. 4. Odorants are non-toxic substances. 5. Natural gas is mostly used for preparing food. 6. Argentina, Brazil, Pakistan, Italy, and India have the largest natural gas fields. 7. The major difficulty in the use of natural gas is that it has a rotten-egg smell.
VI. Translate the following sentences into English using your active vocabulary:
1. Природный газ — смесь газов, образовавшаяся в недрах земли при анаэробном разложении органических веществ. 2. Природный газ в пластовых условиях находится в газовом состоянии в виде отдельных скоплений (газовые залежи) или в виде газовой шапки нефтегазовых месторождений — это свободный газ, либо в растворенном состоянии в нефти или воде (в пластовых условиях), а в стандартных условиях — только в газовом состоянии. 3. Природный газ состоит из метана (CH4 до 98 %), этана (C2H6), пропана (C3H8), бутана (C4H10), водорода (H2), сероводорода (H2S), диоксида углерода (СО2), азота (N2) и гелия (Не). 4. Природный газ не имеет цвета и запаха, поэтому для определения утечки по запаху, в газ добавляют небольшое количество меркаптанов, имеющих сильный неприятный запах. 5. Согласно теории биогенного происхождения нефти, природный газ образуется при больших температурах и давлениях чем нефть, поэтому месторождения газа часто расположены глубже, чем месторождения нефти. 6.Огромными запасами природного газа обладает Россия (Уренгойское месторождение), США, Канада, Норвегия. 7. Газ выходит из недр вследствие того, что в пласте находится под давлением, многократно превышающем атмосферное. 8. Газ, поступающий из скважин, необходимо подготовить к транспортировке конечному пользователю — химический завод, котельная, городские газовые сети, т.к. кроме целевых компонентов он содержит примеси, вызывающие затруднения при транспортировке либо применении. 9. Если газ содержит в большом количестве гелий либо сероводород, то газ обрабатывают на газоперерабатывающем заводе, где выделяют гелий и серу. Эта схема реализована, например, на Астраханском месторождении. 10. Газ под давлением 75 атмосфер движется по трубам диаметром до 1,4 метра. По мере продвижения газа по трубопроводу он теряет энергию, преодолевая силы трения как между газом и стенкой трубы, так и между слоями газа. 11. Поэтому через определенные промежутки необходимо сооружать компрессорные станции (КС), на которых газ дожимается до 75 атм. 12. Газовозы - это специальные корабли, на которых газ перевозится в сжиженном состоянии при определенных термобарических условиях. 13. Существуют и другие проекты транспортировки газа, например с помощью дирижаблей, или в газогидратном состоянии, но эти проекты пока не нашли широкого применения. 14. Природный газ широко используется в химической промышленности как исходное сырьё, а также в качестве горючего, для отопления жилых домов, топливо для машин, электростанций и др.