Перспективные направления развития сельского хозяйства. Труды Всероссийского совета молодых ученых

˄ʪʶ 632.937.15 elenashatalova@mail.ru

ʦʯʤʰʺʽʪʫʱˁ˃ʦʰʫ ʦ ˁʰˁ˃ʫʺʫ: ˀʤˁ˃ʫʻʰ˔ ʶʤʿ˄ˁ˃ˏ – ʶˀʫˁ˃ʽˉʦʫ˃ʻˏʫ ʥʸʽˌʶʰ – BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS

ʫ. ʰ. ˌ̨̯̣̌̌̏̌, ʻ̨̨̡̛̛̛̭̬̭̜̏̍ ̨̭̱̬̭̯̖̦̦̼̜̐̔̌̏ ̬̬̦̼̜̌̐̌ ̛̛̱̦̖̬̭̯̖̯̏

ʤ̶̨̛̦̦̯̌́. ʰ̸̨̱̖̦̚ ̛̬̭̪̬̖̖̣̖̦̖̌̔ ̶̵̡̨̬̖̭̯̖̯̦̼̏ ̨̡̣̹̖̍ ̦̌ ̵̱̔̏ ̵̨̛̪̔̏̔̌ ̡̪̱̭̯̼̌. ʿ̨̡̨̦̌̌̚ ̸̛̛̬̣̖̌̚ ̏ ̸̡̨̛̣̖̭̯̖̏ ̡̨̣̐̀- ̨̛̦̣̯̌̌̚ ̛̛̛̭̦̬̦̐ ̏ ̸̨̡̨̨̖̣̦̦̜̍̌ ̛ ̸̡̨̡̨̨̬̭̦̦̦̜̌̌ ̡̪̱̭̯̖̌. ʽ̪̬̖̖̣̖̦̔̌ ̴̴̡̨̛̖̯̦̭̯̾̏̽ ̡̨̨̛̭̪̖̬̥̖̦̯̣̦̾̌̽̐ ̨̛̪̬̖̪̬̯̍̌̌̌ ̶̡̨̛̣̍̌ ̨̛̪̬̯̏ ̶̵̡̨̬̖̭̯̖̯̦̼̏ ̨̡̣̹̖̍ ̏ ̨̛̛̛̭̥̭̯̌̏̚ ̨̯ ̨̪̔- ̛̏̔̌ ̡̪̱̭̯̼̌.

ʦ ̨̪̭̣̖̦̖̖̔ ̬̖̥̏́ ̏ ̨̛̬̭̯̖̦̖̭̯̖̌̏̔̏ ̛̦̥̖̯̣̭̌̌̽ ̨̨̛̪̣̙̯̖̣̽- ̦̌́ ̶̛̯̖̦̖̦̔́ ̏ ̨̨̛̛̛̭̪̣̦̽̏̌̚ ̸̡̨̨̡̛̛̣̖̭̾̐ ̵̨̖̪̭̦̼̍̌̚ ̭̬̖̭̯̔̏ ̛̺̯̼̌̚ ̵̵̡̨̨̭̖̣̭̜̭̯̖̦̦̼̽́̏̚ ̡̱̣̯̱̬̽, ̏ ̸̨̛̭̯̦̭̯̌ ̡̨̨̨̛̛̛̥̬̣̍̐- ̸̵̡̛̖̭ ̨̪̬̖̪̬̯̌̌̏ ̦̌ ̨̨̭̦̖̏ Bacillus thuringiensis. ʽ̨̨̭̖̦̦̍ ̨̨̭̯̬ ̨̨̪̬̭̏ ̛̛̪̬̥̖̦̖̦́ ̸̵̨̨̡̛̛̛̣̖̭̍̐ ̭̬̖̭̯̔̏ ̛̺̯̼̌̚ ̛̬̭̯̖̦̜̌ ̡̭̖̯̌̌- ̭́ ̡̱̣̯̱̬̽, ̵̨̱̪̯̬̖̣̖̥̼̍́ ̏ ̛̪̺̱ ̏ ̭̖̙̖̥̏ ̛̖̏̔, ̏ ̸̨̛̭̯̦̭̯̌ ̡̪̱̭̌- ̯̼ ̨̨̨̨̬̦̜̐̔. ʶ̪̱̭̯̌̌ ̨̪̬̖̣̖̯̭̔̌̔́́̚ ̦̌ ̡̨̡̨̦̖̭̣̽ ̨̨̛̪̔̏̔̏, ̏ ̨̯̥ ̸̛̭̣̖ ̸̨̡̨̖̣̦̦̱̍̌̀ ̛ ̸̡̨̡̨̬̭̦̦̦̱̌̌̀. ʿ̨̨̯̥̱̾ ̛̪̬ ̶̨̡̖̦̖ ̛̖̜̭̯̔̏́ ̨̨̛̪̬̖̪̬̯̍̌̌̏ ̦̌ ̛̬̖̯̖̣̖̜̏̔ ̵̨̨̨̛̦̖̥̍̔ ̸̛̱̯̼̯̏̌̽ ̛̛̛̣̦̖̬̭̯̖̦̏́̌́-̵̨̛̦́̌̚.

ˉ̖̣̽ ̨̬̯̼̌̍ – ̸̛̛̱̖̦̖̚ ̛̛̣̦̏́́ ̛̬̭̯̖̦̌́-̵̨̛̦́̌̚ ̦̌ ̭̖̣̖̌́̚- ̨̥̭̯̽ ̶̡̨̛̬̖̭̯̖̯̦̼̥̏ ̨̡̛̣̹̥̍̌ ̵̱̔̏ ̨̨̛̪̔̏̔̏ ̡̪̱̭̯̼̌ ̭ ̶̨̡̨̖̦̜ ̛̖̜̭̯̔̏́Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. darmstadiensis ̵̡̨̦̦̭̖̥̼̌̌.

ʰ̨̛̭̭̣̖̦̔̏̌́ ̨̨̛̛̪̬̣̭̏̔̽ ̏ 2012 ̐. ̛ 2014 ̐. ̏ ʻ̨̨̡̨̛̛̭̬̭̥̏̍ ̛ ʺ̵̨̡̨̡̨̨̹̭̥̬̜̦̏̌̌ʻ̨̨̡̨̨̛̛̛̭̬̭̜̣̭̯̏̍̍̌(ʪ̵̨̨̭̪̖̏, 1979). ʽ̡̻̖̍- ̛̯̥̌ ̨̛̛̭̭̣̖̦̜̔̏̌ ̛̣̣̭́̏́̽ ̸̨̡̨̖̣̦̦̍̌̌́ (Brassica oleracea convar. capitata (L.) Alef. var. capitata L. f. alba DC) ̛ ̸̡̨̡̨̬̭̦̦̦̌̌̌́ (Brassica oleracea var. rubra capitata Lizg) ̡̪̱̭̯̌̌, ̶̡̨̬̖̭̯̖̯̦̼̖̏ ̨̡̛̣̹̍ ̨̬̔̌ Phyllotreta, ̌ ̡̯̙̖̌ ̡̛̭̪̖̬̥̖̦̯̣̦̼̜̾̌̽ ̪̬̖̪̬̯̌̌ ʥ̶̡̨̛̣̌ ̦̌ ̨̨̭̦̖̏

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Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. darmstadiensis (̨̪̬̖̭̯̣̖̦̔̌̏ ˁ.ʪ. ʧ̛̬-

̸̡̨̛̹̖̦̜, ʧʻ˄ ʦʻʰʰˁˈʺ, ˁ̡̦̯̌-ʿ̖̯̖̬̱̬̍̐). ˄̸̖̯̼ ̴̴̨̨̛̯̌̐̏ ̨̨̪̬̏- ̛̛̣̭̔̽ ̨̛̛̺̖̪̬̦̯̼̥̍́ ̨̛̥̖̯̥̔̌. ˀ̛̭̯̖̦̌́ ̡̪̱̭̯̼̌ ̨̡̛̛̪̬̼̭̣̭̏̌̽ ̛̭̱̭̪̖̦̖̜̚ ̨̛̪̬̖̪̬̯̍̌̌̌ ̏ ̶̶̡̨̛̛̦̖̦̯̬̌ 5% (2012 ̐.) ̛ 10% (2014 ̐.). ʦ ̴̖̌̚ 5-6 ̵̨̛̦̭̯̺̌́ ̛̣̭̯̖̽̏ ̨̼̣̍ ̨̨̪̬̖̖̦̏̔ ̸̡̨̨̛̣̖̭̯̖̦̦̖̏ ̨̪̬̖- ̛̖̣̖̦̖̔ ̛̛̛̭̦̬̦̐̌ ̏ ̵̨̨̛̬̦̦̭̯̌̏̔́̚ ̡̪̱̭̯̼̌ ̭ ̨̨̛̛̭̪̣̦̖̥̽̏̌̚ ̼̏- ̴̴̵̴̨̡̨̡̨̡̨̨̨̨̛̛̛̛̭̖̯̦̜̙̭̯̦̜̬̥̯̬̾̏̔̌̐̌(Bjerg, 1987).

ʦ ̶̨̛̖̖̯̦̦̼̜̏̐̌ ̨̛̪̖̬̔ 2012 ̐. ̸̨̨̯̥̖̣̭̌̽ ̨̨̥̭̭̖̌̏ ̛̛̬̯̖̌̏̚ ̶̵̡̨̬̖̭̯̖̯̦̼̏ ̨̡̣̹̖̍, ̛̪̬ ̨̯̥̾ ̦̣̣̭̌̍̀̔̌̌̽ ̨̨̦̥̣̦̌̌̽ ̨̡̼̭̏̌́ ̸̨̛̭̣̖̦̦̭̯̽ ̡̨̙̱̏ ̨̨̨̯̬̏̐ ̨̡̨̛̪̣̖̦́. ʿ̡̛ ̸̨̛̛̭̣̖̦̦̭̯ ̼̣̍ ̴̡̛̌̚- ̨̛̭̬̦̏̌ ̦̌ ̨̖̯̜̔̏́-̨̖̭̯̜̔́ ̦̖̖̣̖̔ ̨̪̭̣̖ ̡̛̼̭̏̌̔ ̛̬̭̯̖̦̜̌ ̏ ̬̱̦̯̐, ̸̨̛̭̣̖̦̦̭̯̽ ̴̴̨̛̯̌̐̌ ̦̌ ̸̨̡̨̨̖̣̦̦̜̍̌ ̡̪̱̭̯̖̌ ̨̭̭̯̣̣̌̏́̌ 5192 ̡̾- ̖̥̪̣̬́̌̚ ̦̌ 100 ̛̬̭̯̖̦̜̌, ̦̌ ̸̡̨̡̨̨̬̭̦̦̦̜̌̌ – 2030 ̡̖̥̪̣̬̾́̌̚ ̦̌ 100 ̛̬̭̯̖̦̜̌. ʺ̡̛̭̥̣̦̌̌̽̌́ ̸̨̛̭̣̖̦̦̭̯̽ ̨̨̭̺̖̭̯̍̏̌ ̶̡̨̬̖̭̯̖̯̏- ̵̦̼ ̨̡̣̹̖̍ ̏ 2014 ̐. ̼̣̍̌ ̴̡̨̛̛̭̬̦̌̏̌̌̚ ̦̌ ̨̹̖̭̯̜ ̦̖̖̣̖̔ ̨̪̭̣̖ ̡̛̼̭̏̌̔ ̬̭̭̼̌̌̔ ̏ ̬̱̦̯̐. ʿ̛̬ ̨̯̥̾ ̨̡̛̣̹̍ ̸̨̛̛̪̬̖̪̯̣̔̌ ̭̖̣̯̌́̽̚ ̸̨̡̨̖̣̦̦̱̍̌̀ ̡̪̱̭̯̱̌, ̖̐̔ ̡̛̥̭̥̣̦̌̌̽̌́ ̸̨̛̭̣̖̦̦̭̯̽ ̨̛̭̭̯̣̌̏̌ 295 ̡̨̖̥̪̣̬̾́̏̚ ̦̌ 100 ̛̬̭̯̖̦̜̌, ̦̌ ̸̡̨̡̨̨̬̭̦̦̦̜̌̌ ̸̨̛̭̣̖̦̦̭̯̽ ̨̭̭̯̣̣̌̏́̌150 ̡̨̖̥̪̣̬̦̾́̏̌̚100 ̛̬̭̯̖̦̜̌.

ʿ̨ ̦̦̼̥̔̌ ̵̬̱̖̙̦̼̌̍̚ ̨̨̯̬̌̏̏, ̦̌ ̸̨̨̛̪̬̖̪̯̖̥̭̯̔̌̽ ̨̨̯̐ ̛̛̣ ̨̨̛̦̐ ̨̨̛̪̯̯̖̣̦̌̽̐ ̭̱̭̯̬̯̍̌̌ ̡̨̦̭̖̥̼̥̌-̴̴̨̨̛̯̥̌̐ ̨̥̱̯̐ ̨̡̼̌̚- ̯̏̌̽ ̛̛̣̦̖̏́ ̸̨̛̯̬̦̼̖̏ ̨̛̥̖̯̣̯̼̌̍ ̛̬̭̯̖̦̜̌, ̏ ̸̨̛̭̯̦̭̯̌, ̡̛̯̖̌ ̡̡̌ ̡̨̨̛̣̦̣̯̼̐̀̌̚ (Dicke, Baldwin, 2010). ʽ̛̦̥̔ ̛̚ ̖̺̖̭̯̏̏, ̨̨̯̦- ̵̛̭̺̭́́ ̡ ̨̯̥̱̾ ̡̣̭̭̱̌, ̣̖̯̭́̏́́ ̛̛̛̭̦̬̦̐. ˄̨̨̭̯̦̣̖̦̌̏, ̸̨̯ ̛̪̬ ̨̛̛̬̣̖̐̔̚ ̛̛̛̭̦̬̦̐̌ ̨̬̱̖̯̭̍̌́̚ ̶̨̨̛̛̛̛̣̣̣̯̦̯̌̌̌̚ – ̛̭̣̦̼̜̽ ̡̯̯̬̯̦̯̌̌̌ ̛ ̨̛̭̯̥̱̣̯̬́ ̛̛̪̯̦̌́ ̣̔́ ̨̡̣̹̖̍ (Nielsen, 1989). ʿ̨ ̬̖̱̣̯̯̥̽̌̌̚ ̨̨̨̪̬̖̖̦̦̏̔̐ ̛̦̣̌̌̌̚ ̨̛̼̭̦̣̭̏́̽, ̸̨̯ ̸̨̡̨̖̣̦̦̍̌̌́ ̡̪̱̭̯̌̌ ̨̛̭̖̬̙̯̔ 1,65±0,025 ̥̐/̥̣ ̛̛̛̭̦̬̦̐̌, ̌ ̸̡̨̡̨̬̭̦̦̦̌̌̌́ – 2,5±0,029 ̥̐/̥̣ ̏ ̴̖̌̚ 5-6 ̵̨̛̦̭̯̺̌́ ̛̣̭̯̖̽̏. ˃̡̛̥̌ ̨̨̬̥̍̌̚, ̡̨- ̸̨̛̣̖̭̯̏ ̛̛̛̭̦̬̦̐̌ ̦̖ ̨̻̭̦̖̯̍́́ ̛̬̭̪̬̖̖̣̖̦̖̌̔ ̵̡̨̦̭̖̥̼̌ ̦̌ ̵̛̬̭̯̖̦̌́. ʦ̨̨̖̬̯̦́, ̵̨̨̨̛̦̖̥̍̔ ̸̛̛̱̖̦̖̚ ̛̛̣̦̏́́ ̵̛̬̱̔̐ ̡̨̣̐̀- ̨̨̛̦̣̯̌̏̚, ̵̨̛̭̖̬̙̺̭̔̌́ ̏ ̛̛̬̭̯̖̦̌, ̦̌ ̨̼̬̏̍ ̶̡̨̛̬̖̭̯̖̯̦̼̥̏ ̨̡̛̣̹̥̍̌ ̸̵̛̱̖̥̼̌̚ ̨̨̛̪̔̏̔̏ ̡̪̱̭̯̼̌.

ʿ̨ ̨̛̛̛̭̯̙̖̦̔ ̴̴̨̛̛̯̥̌̐̌ ̸̡̨̨̡̨̨̛̦̥̖̭̾̐ ̨̨̪̬̐̌ ̨̨̨̬̖̦̭̦̏̔- ̛̭̯ (ˑʿʦ) ̨̨̛̪̬̣̭̏̔̌̽ ̨̨̡̬̯̍̌̍̌ ̨̪̬̖̪̬̯̥̌̌ ʥ̶̡̨̛̣̌. ʦ ̶̛̖̖̯̏̐̌-

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̨̦̦̼̜ ̨̭̖̦̚ 2012 ̐. ̨̭̱̺̖̭̯̖̦̦̜̏ ̸̨̨̡̨̛̛̣̖̭̜̍̐ ̴̴̡̨̛̛̖̯̦̭̯̾̏ ̨̨̛̭̯̦̱̯̔̐ ̦̖ ̨̼̣̍, ̸̨̯, ̨̨̖̬̯̦̏́, ̨̭̦̏́̌̚ ̭ ̸̨̨̨̦̖̭̯̯̦̔̌ ̨̡̨̼̭̜̏ ̶̶̡̨̛̦̖̦̯̬̖̜̌ ̨̛̪̬̖̪̬̯̍̌̌̌. ʿ̨̨̯̥̱̾ ̏ ̵̨̪̼̯̌ 2014 ̐. ̶̡̨̦̖̦̯̬̌- ̶̸̡̨̛̛̛̛̛̯̖̬̣̦̜̭̱̭̪̖̦̼̣̱̖̣̖̦́̍̌̌̽̍̌̏̌̏̚2 ̬̌̌̚.

ʿ̛̬ ̛̛̛̪̬̥̖̦̖̦ ʥ̶̡̨̛̣̌̌ ̦̌ ̥̖̦̖̖ ̸̨̨̛̪̬̖̪̯̖̥̜̔̌ ̨̡̛̣̹̥̍̌ ̸̡̨̡̨̨̬̭̦̦̦̜̌̌ ̡̪̱̭̯̖̌ ̦̌ ̭̖̥̼̖̔̽ ̡̛̭̱̯ ̸̨̨̡̛̛̣̖̭̍̐̌́ ̴̴̡̛̖̯̾̏- ̨̦̭̯̽ ̨̭̭̯̣̣̌̏́̌ 100%, ̌ ̦̌ ̸̨̡̨̨̖̣̦̦̜̍̌ – 64,8%, ̸̨̯ ̨̨̭̯̖̯̭̯̱̖̯̏̏ ̶̛̛̛̭̯̱̌, ̨̛̦̣̖̖̌̍ ̸̨̭̯̌ ̨̦̣̖̥̜̌̍̀̔̌ ̛̪̬ ̸̛̛̛̱̖̦̚ ̨̛̥̖̜̭̯̏̌̔̚- ̴̨̨̛̛̛̜̭̭̯̖̥̖̯̬̯̬̏̏̌.

ʦ ̬̖̱̣̯̯̖̽̌̚ ̵̨̪̬̖̖̦̦̼̏̔ ̨̛̛̭̭̣̖̦̜̔̏̌ ̨̨̨̛̪̬̖̥̦̭̯̬̬̦̼̔̏̌ ̸̛̛̬̣̌́̚ ̏ ̨̛̭̖̣̖̥̭̯̌́̚ ̸̡̨̡̨̨̬̭̦̦̦̜̌̌ ̛ ̸̨̡̨̨̖̣̦̦̜̍̌ ̡̪̱̭̯̼̌ ̡̨̡̨̥̪̣̖̭̥ ̶̵̡̨̬̖̭̯̖̯̦̼̏ ̨̡̣̹̖̍. ʥ̵̸̨̡̛̛̛̛̥̖̭̜ ̨̡̛̦̣̪̣̌̌̌̌̚̚, ̸̨̯ ̸̡̨̡̨̬̭̦̦̦̌̌̌́ ̡̪̱̭̯̌̌ ̨̛̭̖̬̙̯̔ ̍ọ̹̖̖́̽ ̸̡̨̨̛̣̖̭̯̏ ̛̛̛̭̦̬̐- ̦̌, ̸̖̥ ̸̨̡̨̖̣̦̦̍̌̌́. ˁ̨̨̣̭̦̐̌ ̬̱̖̙̦̼̥̌̍̚ ̦̦̼̥̔̌, ̪̖̬̼̜̏ ̨̪̔- ̛̏̔ ̨̣̙̖̦̔ ̡̛̪̬̣̖̯̏̌̽ ̨̣̹̖̖̍̽ ̸̡̨̨̛̣̖̭̯̏ ̶̵̡̨̬̖̭̯̖̯̦̼̏ ̨̡̣̹̖̍. ʦ̼̣̖̦̦́̏̌́ ̛̦̥̌ ̨̨̨̨̛̪̬̯̪̣̙̦̏̌́ ̨̛̛̭̥̭̯̌̏̽̚ ̨̥̙̖̯ ̨̻̭̦̯̍́́̽- ̭́ ̛̛̣̦̖̥̏́ ̵̛̬̱̔̐ ̸̵̨̡̛̛̛̯̖̭̌̍ ̛ ̸̵̨̡̛̛̛̯̖̭̍ ̴̡̨̨̯̬̌̏ ̦̌ ̛̏̌̚- ̨̛̥̖̜̭̯̔̏́ ̏ ̛̭̭̯̖̥̖ ̛̬̭̯̖̦̌́ ̡̪̱̭̯̼̌ – ̶̡̨̬̖̭̯̖̯̦̼̖̏ ̨̡̛̣̹̍ – Bacillus thuringiensis ̏ ̵̨̛̱̭̣̏́ ʯ̨̪̦̜̌̌̔ ˁ̛̛̛̬̍. ʽ̶̡̖̦̌ ̡̛̭̪̖̬̾- ̨̨̥̖̦̯̣̦̌̽̐ ̶̨̡̛̛̛̛̦̭̖̯̍̔̌ ʥ̶̡̨̛̣̌ ̨̡̪̣̌̌̌̚, ̸̨̯ ̪̬̖̪̬̯̌̌ ̴̾- ̴̸̡̨̨̨̛̛̛̛̛̖̯̖̦̣̹̖̜̭̯̖̪̖̦̦̥̖̦̖̖̪̬̖̪̯̖̥̥̬̭̯̖̦̏̏̍̽̌̔̌̌.

ʸ̛̯̖̬̯̱̬̌̌

1.ʪ̵̨̨̭̪̖̏ ʥ.ʤ. ʺ̨̡̛̖̯̔̌ ̨̨̨̪̣̖̏̐ ̨̪̼̯̌ / ʥ.ʤ. ʪ̵̨̨̭̪̖̏. – ʺ.: ʶ̨-

̨̣̭, 1979. – 415 ̭.

2.Bjerg B. and Sorensen H. 1987. Quantitative analysis of glucosinolates in oilseed rape based on HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates and HPLC of intact glucosinolates. – P. 125-150. In: J.P. Wathelet (ed.). World crops: Production, utilization, description. Glucosinolates in rapeseeds: Analytical aspects. Martinus Nijhoff Publ., Boston.

3.Dicke M. The evolutionary context for herbivore-induced plant volatiles: beyond the ‘cry for help’/ M. Dicke, I.T. Baldwin // Trends in Plant Science. – 2010. – V. 15. – P. 167-175.

4.Nielsen J.K. Host plant discrimination within Cruciferae: Feeding responses of four leaf beetles (Coleoptra: Chrysomelidae) to glucosinolates, curcurbitacins and cardenolides / Nielsen J.K. // Entomol. Exp. Appl. – 1978. – V. 24. – P. 41-54.

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rИОЛМС 2

rbidjtjg berpjohgogropk obulj

˄ʪʶ 631.311 ruslan.gareew@mail.ru

ˁʽʦʫˀˌʫʻˁ˃ʦʽʦʤʻʰʫ ʶʽʻˁ˃ˀ˄ʶˉʰʰ ʿʽˁʫʦʻʽʱ ˁʫʶˉʰʰ ˁʫ˔ʸʶʰ ʪʸ˔ ʿʽˁʫʦʤ ʿʽ ˃ʫˈʻʽʸʽʧʰʰ NO-TILL

ˀ. ˃. ʧ̬̖̖̌̏, ʥ̡̡̛̛̹̬̭̜̌ ̨̭̱̬̭̯̖̦̦̼̜̐̔̌̏ ̬̬̦̼̜̌̐̌ ̛̛̱̦̖̬̭̯̖̯̏ (̐. ˄̴̌)

ʤ̶̨̛̦̦̯̌́. ʿ̨̬̖̖̦̏̔ ̛̦̣̌̌̚ ̵̛̭̱̺̖̭̯̱̺̏̀ ̵̭̖̥ ̨̪̬̣̣̖̣̌̌- ̵̬̥̥̦̼̐̌ ̨̨̡̪̖̭̔̏ ̵̨̪̭̖̦̼̏ ̶̡̛̭̖̜ ̨̡̭̖̣́ ̣̔́ ̨̪̭̖̏̌ ̨̪ ̨̦̱̣̖̜̏ ̵̨̨̛̛̯̖̦̣̐, ̪̬̖̭̯̣̖̦̼̔̌̏ ̬̖̱̣̯̯̼̽̌̚ ̸̡̨̛̦̖̬̖̯̖̭̜̾̐ ̶̨̡̛̖̦.

ʦ ̨̦̭̯̺̖̖̌́ ̬̖̥̏́ ̭̖̏ ̍ọ̹̱́̽̀ ̨̬̣̽ ̨̛̪̬̬̖̯̯̍̌̀ ̨̦̖̬̾̐- ̨̛̬̖̭̱̬̭̭̖̬̖̺̖̍̐̌̀ ̵̨̨̛̛̯̖̦̣̐ ̨̛̖̣̼̦̏̔̏̌́̚ ̵̡̨̨̭̖̣̭̜̭̯̖̦̽́̏̚- ̵̦̼ ̡̱̣̯̱̬̽. ʽ̨̦̜̔ ̛̚ ̵̡̛̯̌ ̣̖̯̭́̏́́ ̦̱̣̖̏̌́ ̵̨̨̛̯̖̦̣̐́ – ̵̨̨̯̖̦̣- ̛̐́ No-till [1]. ʪ̦̦̌̌́ ̵̨̨̛̯̖̦̣̐́ ̸̡̣̖̯̭̌̀̌́̚ ̏ ̨̯̥, ̸̨̯ ̸̨̪̏̌ ̦̖ ̨̬̯̼̖̯̭̍̌̍̌̏̌́, ̛ ̨̛̖̜̭̯̖̏̔̏̚ ̦̌ ̸̨̪̱̏ ̣̖̯̭́̏́́ ̛̛̥̦̥̣̦̼̥̌̽. ʿ̶̨̬̖̭̭ ̼̭̖̏̏̌ ̛̼̣̯̏̐́̔ ̛̭̣̖̱̺̥̔̀ ̨̨̬̥̍̌̚: ̨̭̖̦̽̀ ̨̛̪̙̦̦̼̖̏ ̨̡̛̭̯̯̌ ̸̛̥̖̣̯̭̽̌̀́̚ ̛ ̨̨̬̦̥̖̬̦̌̏ ̬̭̪̬̖̖̣̯̭̌̔́̀́ ̨̪ ̨̪̣̀, ̖̭̏- ̨̦̜ ̨̨̛̛̪̬̯̭̏̔́̚ ̼̭̖̏̏ ̭̖̥̦́ ̭ ̨̨̦̬̖̥̖̦̦̼̥̔̏ ̛̦̖̭̖̦̖̥̏ ̨̱̔̍- ̛̬̖̦̜. ʦ̣̌̐̌, ̨̭̖̬̙̺̭̔̌̌́́ ̨̪̔ ̨̭̣̖̥ ̸̛̥̱̣̽, ̨̨̭̪̭̭̯̱̖̯̍̏ ̨̬̭̯̱ ̛̬̭̯̖̦̜̌, ̨̛̬̭̯̬̖̦̌̏̀ ̨̛̱̬̖̦̜̔̍ ̛ ̵̛ ̣̦̖̜̹̖̥̱̔̌̽ ̨̛̱̭̖̦̏̀ ̬̭̌- ̛̛̯̖̦̥́. ʽ̡̨̦̔̌ ̏ ̸̨̨̪̖̦̦̏-̸̵̡̡̛̛̛̣̥̯̖̭̌ ̵̨̦̌̚ ˀ̡̛̛̖̭̪̱̣̍ ʥ̹̌- ̡̨̨̬̯̭̯̦̌ ̸̛̛̦̣̖̌ ̦̌ ̵̨̨̛̪̖̬̦̭̯̏ ̨̪̣́ ̨̭̣́ ̸̛̥̱̣̽ ̨̛̛̪̬̯̏̔ ̡ ̛̭̥̖̺̖̦̀ ̨̡̨̭̬̏ ̨̪̭̖̏̌ ̦̌ 10-15 ̦̖̜̔, ̸̨̯ ̨̭̦̏́̌̚ ̭ ̛̛̣̹̦̖̜̚ ̨̣̜̏̌̐ ̦̌ ̵̨̨̛̪̖̬̦̭̯̏ ̸̨̪̼̏ ̨̪̭̣̖ ̨̨̨̛̣̦̍̽̐ ̨̛̭̦̖̯̦̐̌́́. ʦ̣̙̌- ̦̌́ ̸̨̪̏̌ ̥̖̭̯̖̏ ̭ ̨̛̛̪̙̦̦̼̥̏ ̨̡̛̭̯̯̥̌̌ ̦̖ ̨̨̪̣̖̯̏́̚ ̨̨̛̪̬̯̏̔̽ ̨̪̭̖̏, ̡̯̌ ̡̡̌ ̛̛̛̙̯̖̣̔̏ ̡̨̯̬̯̬̌̌, ̨̨̪̬̦̼̖ ̡̨̣̖̭̌ ̛ ̸̨̛̬̖̌̍ ̨̬̐̌-

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̦̼ ̡̛̭̖̣́ ̛̯̭̌̍̏̌̀́̚. ʶ̨̐̔̌ ̨̨̛̭̭̯̦̖́ ̸̨̪̼̏ ̨̨̪̣̖̯̏́̚ ̨̬̯̯̌̍̌̽ ̵̵̨̡̛̭̖̣̯̖̦̖̽̚, ̨̣̙̦̭̯̏̌̽ ̵̨̨̨̨̪̖̬̦̭̯̦̏̐ ̨̭̣́, ̏ ̡̨̨̯̬̼̜ ̸̨̨̼̦̍ ̨̨̭̱̺̖̭̯̣̖̯̭̪̭̖̏́́̏, ̡̨̬̖̱̥̖̦̹̖̯̭̽̌́̚(̛̬̭. 1).

ˀ̛̭. 1. ʯ̨̛̛̭̥̭̯̌̏̽ ̨̛̣̙̦̭̯̏̌ ̸̨̪̼̏ ̨̯ ̛̣̱̦̼̐̍

ʻ̌ ̴̡̛̬̖̐̌ ̨̛̦̏̔, ̸̨̯ ̭ ̸̛̛̱̖̣̖̦̖̥̏ ̛̣̱̦̼̐̍ ̨̣̙̦̭̯̏̌̽ ̸̨̪̼̏ ̨̬̭̯̖̯̏̌̌̚. ʿ̛̬ ̨̯̥̾ ̨̛̖̭̯̦̏̚, ̸̨̯ ̨̨̛̪̯̥̣̦̜̌̽ ̣̔́ ̨̬̭̯̌ ̨̖̬̦̚- ̵̼̏ ̡̱̣̯̱̬̽ ̣̖̯̭́̏́́ ̨̣̙̦̭̯̏̌̽ ̸̨̪̼̏ ̦̌ ̨̱̬̦̖̏ 20-25%, ̛̪̬ ̨̯̥̾ ̼̭̖̏̏ ̭̖̥̦́ ̦̖ ̨̣̙̖̦̔ ̼̯̍̽ ̡̨̛̭̣̹̥ ̨̡̛̣̱̥̐̍, ̡̯̌ ̡̡̌ ̛̭̣̼ ̨̬- ̡̨̭̯̏ ̱̖̯̍̔ ̸̨̨̨̦̖̭̯̯̦̔̌, ̸̨̯̼̍ ̛̼̜̯̏ ̦̌ ̵̨̨̪̖̬̦̭̯̏̽.

ʪ̣́ ̨̦̱̣̖̜̏ ̵̨̨̛̛̯̖̦̣̐ ̪̬̖̣̖̯̭̔̌̐̌́ ̛̭̣̖̱̺̜̔̀ ̨̨̭̪̭̍ ̨̪̭̖- ̏̌. ʧ̛̣̱̦̱̍ ̡̛̖̣̌̔̚ ̭̖̥̦́ ̸̛̛̱̖̣̖̥̏̏̌, ̛̪̬ ̨̯̥̾ ̵̨̨̪̖̬̦̭̯̦̼̜̏ ̨̭̣̜ ̸̨̪̼̏ ̦̌̔ ̛̭̖̥̖̦̥̌ ̨̭̯̖̯̭̌́ ̛̪̬̖̙̦̥. ʽ̨̬̹̭̍̌̏̌̏̌́́̚ ̣̱̐- ̛̦̍̌ ̡̦̣̌̌̌ ̨̨̭̪̭̭̯̱̖̯̍̏ ̣̦̖̜̹̖̥̱̔̌̽ ̡̨̛̦̪̣̖̦̌̀ ̛̣̏̌̐ (̛̬̭. 2).

ˀ̛̭. 2. ˁ̵̖̥̌ ̨̪̭̖̏̌ ̭̖̥̦́ ̨̪ ̨̦̱̣̖̜̏ ̵̨̨̛̛̯̖̦̣̐

83

ʪ̣́ ̨̡̛̬̬̯̌̌̍̚ ̡̨̡̨̛̦̭̯̬̱̯̦̜̏ ̵̭̖̥̼ ̼̣̍ ̨̪̬̖̖̦̏̔ ̛̦̣̌̌̚ ̵̛̭̱̺̖̭̯̱̺̏̀ ̶̡̨̡̛̦̭̯̬̱̜ [1-3] ̛ ̼̣̖̦̼̏́̏ ̨̡̛̦̖̭̯̯̔̌ ̡̨̡̦̭̯̬̱- ̶̛̛ ̨̡̨̛̭̹̦̏, ̡̨̨̯̬̼̖ ̦̖ ̨̨̪̣̯̏́̀̚ ̨̭̱̺̖̭̯̣̯̏́̽ ̡̨̯̜̌ ̨̨̭̪̭̍ ̨̪̭̖̏̌. ʦ ̬̖̱̣̯̯̖̽̌̚ ̼̣̍̌ ̨̪̬̖̣̙̖̦̔̌ ̨̦̏̌́ ̡̨̡̛̦̭̯̬̱̯̦̏̌́ ̵̭̖- ̥̌ ̨̨̪̭̖̦̜̏ ̶̡̛̛̭̖ (̛̬̭. 3).

ˀ̛̭. 3. ˀ̨̬̯̦̦̌̌̍̌̌́̚ ̡̨̡̛̦̭̯̬̱̯̦̏̌́ ̵̭̖̥̌ ̶̡̛̛̭̖ ̡̛̭̖̣́: 1 – ̨̨̭̦̦̏̌́ ̬̥̌̌ ̶̡̛̛̭̖; 2 – ̨̡̛̯̱̬̭̍̔ ̭ ̨̛̬̖̬̥̍̔̌;

3– ̡̦̖̬̦̼̜̌ ̨̡̛̭̹̦; 4 – ̬̖̭̦̼̜̌̔ ̡̛̛̪̬̯̼̺̜̌̏̌̀ ̡̨̡̯̌; 5 – ̛̬̖̱̣̬̱̖̥̐̌́ ̛̪̬̱̙̦̌ ̨̛̪̙̯̔̌́ ̨̨̬̖̭̦̌̔̐ ̡̡̯̌̌;

6 – ̨̛̪̪̬̱̙̦̖̦̦̔̌́ ̨̡̪̖̭̔̏̌ ̡̨̨̦̖̬̦̌̐ ̨̡̛̭̹̦̌; 7 – ̸̨̪̪̖̬̖̦̌́ ̬̥̌̌ ̡̨̨̦̖̬̦̌̐ ̨̡̛̭̹̦̌; 8 – ̛̬̖̱̣̬̱̖̥̐̌́ ̛̪̬̱̙̦̌

̨̛̪̙̯̔̌́ ̨̡̛̯̱̬̭̍̔̌; 9 – ̨̨̭̦̦̏̌́ ̬̥̌̌ ̡̛̭̖̣́; 10 – ̵̛̥̖̦̥̌̚ ̨̛̛̬̖̱̣̬̦̐̏̌́ ̨̨̛̪̣̙̖̦́ ̨̡̛̯̱̬̭̍̔̌

̨̨̨̛̯̦̭̯̖̣̦̽ ̡̨̨̦̖̬̦̌̐ ̨̡̛̭̹̦̌; 11 – ̨̪̬̣̣̖̣̬̥̥̦̼̜̌̌̐̌ ̵̛̥̖̦̥̌̚; 12 – ̛̪̬̱̙̦̦̼̜ ̵̛̥̖̦̥̌̚ ̨̨̪̬̣̣̖̣̬̥̥̦̜̌̌̐̌ ̨̡̛̪̖̭̔̏

ʤ̡̦̖̬̦̼̜ ̨̡̛̭̹̦, ̡̨̨̯̬̼̜ ̭̣̖̱̖̯̔ ̌̚ ̨̡̨̛̯̱̬̭̥̍̔, ̨̨̛̪̣̦̔- ̨̯̖̣̦̽ ̨̱̪̣̯̦̖̯́ ̛ ̛̼̬̦̖̯̏̌̏̏̌ ̨̨̪̭̖̦̖̏ ̨̣̙̖, ̨̪ ̨̨̭̖̥̪̬̥́̏̔̌ ̛ ̡̨̨̨̯̱̪̬̥̏̔̌ ̨̪̭̯̱̪̯̌̀ ̭̖̥̖̦̌ ̛ ̨̛̱̬̖̦̔̍́, ̨̨̬̦̥̖̬̦̌̏ ̡̱̣̌- ̼̭̔̏̌́̽ ̦̌ ̨̨̪̭̖̦̥̏ ̨̣̙̖. ˁ̖̥̖̦̌ ̛ ̨̛̱̬̖̦̔̍́ ̭̼̪̯̭̌̌̀́̚ ̨̭̼- ̪̹̖̜̭̌̏́ ̸̨̨̪̜̏ (̨̦̌̚ 1), ̬̖̭̦̼̜̌̔ ̡̛̛̪̬̯̼̺̜̌̏̌̀ ̡̨̡̯̌ ̨̨̪̣̯̦ ̡̛̪̬̯̼̖̯̌̏̌ ̨̭̣̜ ̸̨̪̼̏. ʻ̖̭̼̪̦̦̌̌̌́̚ ̨̦̌̚ (2 ̨̦̌̚) ̨̨̭̪̭̭̯̱̖̯̍̏ ̨̨̨̛̪̣̦̯̖̣̦̥̱̔̽ ̡̨̛̦̪̣̖̦̌̀ ̛̣̏̌̐.

ʦ ̨̦̦̜̔̌ ̶̡̨̡̛̛̦̭̯̬̱ ̛̣̱̦̐̍̌ ̨̪̭̖̏̌ ̥̖̦̖̯̭́́ ̪̱̯̖̥ ̪̖̬̖̥̖- ̛̺̖̦́ ̏ ̡̨̛̖̬̯̣̦̜̏̌̽ ̨̡̨̛̪̣̭̭̯ ̨̡̛̯̱̬̭̍̔̌ ̭ ̨̨̪̥̺̽̀ ̵̛̥̖̦̌̚-

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̥̌ ̨̛̛̬̖̱̣̬̦̐̏̌́ ̨̨̛̪̣̙̖̦́ ̨̡̛̯̱̬̭̍̔̌, ̛̪̬̱̙̦̦̼̜ ̵̛̥̖̦̥̌̚ ̦̌ ̡̛̪̬̯̼̺̖̥̌̏̌̀ ̡̡̯̖̌ ̸̨̛̖̭̪̖̖̯̍̏̌ ̨̨̪̣̯̦̖ ̡̛̛̪̬̯̼̦̖̌̏̌ ̭̖- ̥̦́. ʿ̨̛̪̬̱̙̦̖̦̦̔̌́ ̨̡̪̖̭̔̏̌ ̡̨̨̦̖̬̦̌̐ ̨̡̛̭̹̦̌ ̸̨̛̖̭̪̖̖̯̍̏̌ ̨̖̐ ̸̨̨̛̛̭̥̺̖̦̖̌, ̌ ̨̭̖̥̔̌̏̌̌́̚ ̶̛̛̬̏̍̌́ ̛̭̦̙̖̯̌ ̨̨̯̖́̐̏ ̨̭- ̨̛̛̪̬̯̣̖̦̖̏ ̸̨̨̬̖̌̍̐ ̨̬̦̐̌̌. ʿ̨̬̣̣̖̣̬̥̥̦̌̌̐̌̌́ ̨̡̪̖̭̔̏̌ ̨̪̔- ̛̪̬̱̙̦̖̦̌ ̛ ̡̨̙̖̭̯ ̡̛̬̖̪̯̭́ ̡ ̬̥̖̌. ʿ̨̛̙̯̖̔̌ ̵̛̪̬̱̙̦̦̼ ̵̥̖̌- ̨̛̦̥̏̚ ̨̨̪̭̖̦̜̏ ̶̡̛̛̭̖ ̛̬̖̱̣̬̱̖̯̭̐́. ʿ̛̬ ̵̨̨̨̛̛̦̖̥̭̯̍̔ ̨̨̪̣- ̛̙̖̦́ ̡̨̨̦̖̬̦̌̐ ̨̡̛̭̹̦̌ ̛ ̨̨̬̖̭̦̌̔̐ ̡̨̛̪̬̯̼̺̖̌̏̌̀̐ ̡̡̯̌̌ ̬̖- ̛̱̣̬̱̯̐̀ ̪̱̯̖̥ ̛̪̖̬̖̥̖̺̖̦́ ̨̪ ̨̨̨̪̬̣̦̜̔̽ ̬̥̖̌ ̨̨̪̭̖̦̜̏ ̡̭̖- ̶̛̛.

˃̡̛̥̌ ̨̨̬̥̍̌̚, ̪̬̖̣̖̥̔̌̐̌̌́ ̶̡̨̡̛̦̭̯̬̱́ ̨̨̪̭̖̦̜̏ ̶̡̛̛̭̖ ̸̨̛̖̭̪̖̯̍ ̨̬̦̥̖̬̦̼̜̌̏ ̨̪ ̛̣̱̦̖̐̍ ̨̪̭̖̏ ̭̖̥̦́ ̭ ̸̨̱̖̯̥ ̨̛̪̯- ̵̥̣̦̼̌̽ ̨̛̱̭̣̜̏ ̵̛ ̨̨̛̪̬̬̭̯̦̌́.

ʸ̛̯̖̬̯̱̬̌̌

ʶ̨̬̣̭̌ ʶ. ʶ̨̨̬̖̯̯̏. No-till. ʦ̨̛̥̭̌̏́̽̚̚ ̥̖̙̱̔ No-till, ̛̛̬̭̯̯̖̣̦̼̥̌̽ ̨̡̛̭̯̯̥̌̌, ̛̛̪̯̦̖̥̌ ̛̬̭̯̖̦̜̌ ̛ ̸̨̪̼̏ / ̪̖̬. ̭ ̦̣̌̐. (ʿ̸̖̯̖̯̭̌̌́ ̨̪ ̛̔̌̚-

̛̦̀: Carlos C. Crovetto. No tillage. The relationship between no till, crop residues, plants and soil nutrition.-Hualpen, Chle, 2006.). – ʪ̨̨̡̦̖̪̬̪̖̯̬̭̏, 2007. – 236 ̭.

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˄ʪʶ 631.3.001 energo_80@mail.ru

ʥʰʽʧʤʯʽʦʤ˔ ˄ˁ˃ʤʻʽʦʶʤ ʪʸ˔ ʺʤʸˏˈ ˁʫʸːˁʶʽˈʽʯ˔ʱˁ˃ʦʫʻʻˏˈ ʿˀʫʪʿˀʰ˔˃ʰʱ

ʽ. ˈ. ʶ̸̡̨̛̣̱̽̏̌, ʶ̨̛̬̦̌̍̌̔-ʥ̡̡̛̣̬̭̜̌̌ ̨̭̱̬̭̯̖̦̦̼̜̐̔̌̏ ̬̬̦̼̜̌̐̌ ̛̛̱̦̖̬̭̯̖̯̏ ̛̥. ʦ.ʺ. ʶ̨̡̨̏̌ (̐. ʻ̸̡̛̣̌̽)

ʤ̶̨̛̦̦̯̌́. ʿ̛̬̖̖̦̼̏̔ ̬̖̱̣̯̯̼̽̌̚ ̸̵̦̱̦̼̌ ̨̛̛̭̭̣̖̦̜̔̏̌ ̨̪ ̨̡̬̬̯̖̌̌̍̚ ̴̴̨̡̨̡̨̨̛̼̭̖̯̦̏̾̏̐ ̨̨̨̛̬̱̦̍̔̏̌́ ̣̔́ ̸̨̛̪̣̱̖̦́ ̨̛̣̯̖̬̦̯̦̜̌̽̌̏ ̛̛̦̖̬̾̐ ̦̌ ̨̨̭̦̖̏ ̵̨̨̨̦̣̖̥̼̏̍̏́̚ ̸̨̡̨̛̛̭̯̦̏, ̌ ̡̯̙̖̌ ̨̛̛̭̭̣̖̦̔̏̌́ ̨̪ ̨̨̛̭̖̬̹̖̦̭̯̦̏̏̏̌̀ ̨̨̨̛̜̍̐̌̏̚ ̱̭̯̌- ̨̡̛̦̏ ̭ ̶̖̣̽̀ ̨̛̪̼̹̖̦̏́ ̖̖ ̴̴̡̨̛̛̖̯̦̭̯̾̏.

ʦ ̨̨̛̛̣̬̯̬̌̍̌ ̵̨̛̦̖̬̭̖̬̖̺̾̐̍̐̌̀ ̵̨̨̛̯̖̦̣̜̐ ʶʥʧʤ˄ ̛̥. ʦ.ʺ. ʶ̨̡̨̏̌ ̨̨̪̬̯̭̏̔́́ ̸̨̡̛̛̯̖̬̖̯̖̭̖ ̛ ̡̛̭̪̖̬̥̖̦̯̣̦̼̖̾̌̽ ̨̛̛̭̭̣̖̦̔̏̌́ ̨̪ ̨̡̨̛̛̪̬̖̯̬̦̏̌̀ ̛ ̶̨̛̛̛̛̪̯̥̌̚ ̨̛̬̖̙̥̏ ̨̬̯̼̌̍ ̨̨̨̛̜̍̐̌̏̚ ̨̡̛̱̭̯̦̌̏ ̣̔́ ̵̥̣̼̌ ̵̵̡̨̨̭̖̣̭̜̭̯̖̦̦̼̽́̏̚ ̛̪̬̖̪̬̔- ̛̯̜́. ʿ̨ ̵̛ ̬̖̱̣̯̯̥̽̌̌̚ ̨̬̬̯̦̌̌̍̌̌̚ ̵̸̨̨̡̛̯̖̦̣̖̭̐̌́ ̵̭̖̥̌ ̡̭̪̖̾- ̨̛̬̥̖̦̯̣̦̜̌̽ ̨̡̛̱̭̯̦̌̏ ʥʧ˄-ʺ (̛̬̭. 1), ̨̨̭̭̯̺́̌́ ̛̚ ̡̥̖̯̦̯̖̦̌̌ (̨̡̨̛̬̖̯̬̍̌̌) ̨̨̻̖̥̥̍ 3,5 ̥3, ̨̣̖̬̐̌̐̽̔̌̚, ̸̸̡̛̭̖̯̌ ̐̌̌̚, ̡̨̯̣̌, ̛̭̭̯̖̥̼ ̶̡̡̛̛̱̥̱̣̌́ ̐̌̌̚ ̛ ̨̨̨̨̭̪̥̯̖̣̦̏̐̌̽̐ ̨̨̨̛̬̱̦̍̔̏̌́ [1].

ʺ̡̖̯̦̯̖̦̌ (̛̬̭. 2) ̪̬̖̭̯̣̖̯̔̌̏́ ̨̨̭̜̍ ̸̡̛̥̖̯̣̣̖̭̱̌̀ ̶̛̛̣̦̔- ̸̡̛̬̖̭̱̀ ̸̛̖̬̥̖̯̦̱̐̀ ̨̨̨̛̛̯̖̪̣̣̬̦̦̱̏̌̀̚ ̡̨̖̥̭̯̽, ̨̱̭̯̦̣̖̦̌̏- ̦̱̀ ̦̌ ̸̵̡̛̛̥̖̯̣̣̖̭̌ ̵̨̨̪̬̌, ̸̵̨̛̛̖̭̪̖̺̍̏̌̀ ̨̨̭̦̼̜̏̍̔ ̨̭̯̱̪̔ ̡ ̨̼̬̱̦̥̱̏̐̚ ̨̱̭̯̬̜̭̯̱̏, ̨̱̭̯̬̜̭̯̱̏ ̨̨̪̬̖̔̐̏̌ ̛ ̨̛̛̭̣̱̙̦̍̏̌̀ ̭̖̜̏ ̨̡̛̱̭̯̦̌̏ [2].

ʿ̸̛̛̯̜ ̨̪̥̖̯ (̨̛̥̭̭̍̌̌) ̸̖̬̖̚ ̸̨̨̬̱̦̖̌̐̚̚ ̨̨̱̭̯̬̜̭̯̏ ̨̪̭̯̱- ̪̖̯̌ ̏ ̨̛̬̣̦̱̍̔̽̀ ̡̥̖̬̱̌ ̡̥̖̯̦̯̖̦̌̌, ̖̐̔ ̵̨̨̛̛̪̬̭̯̔ ̨̨̦̬̦̖̌̌̾̍ ̛̛̭̬̙̦̖̍̌̏̌ ̨̪ ̴̨̨̛̯̖̬̥̣̦̥̱̽ ̛̬̖̙̥̱ (50-60°ˁ), ̨̣̙̦̭̯̏̌̽ ̥̭̌- ̭̼ ̨̭̭̯̣̖̯̌̏́ 80% (20% ̸̨̛̪̯̖̽̐ ̨̪̥̖̯̌, 80% ̨̼̏̔). ʥ̖̚ ̨̭̯̱̪̔̌ ̵̨̱̏̔̌̚ ̵̨̨̛̛̪̬̭̯̔ ̨̛̬̙̖̦̖̍, ̯.̖. ̨̛̬̣̙̖̦̖̌̚ ̵̨̛̭̖̬̙̺̭̔̌́ ̏ ̭̱̭̯̬̯̖̍̌ ̨̨̱̣̖̐̏̔̏, ̨̨̛̪̬̯̖̦̏ ̛ ̯.̔., ̛ ̵̛ ̛̪̬̖̬̺̖̦̖̏̌ ̏ ̥̖̯̦̌ ̛̪̬ ̨̨̛̪̥̺ ̵̨̨̛̥̖̯̦̬̱̺̌̍̌̀̚ ̡̛̯̖̬̜̍̌. ʽ̨̛̬̦̖̍̌̏̌̚ ̐̌̌̚ ̪̖̬̖- ̵̨̛̯̔ ̏ ̸̨̛̱̭̯̜̼̜̏ ̛̬̖̙̥ ̦̌ 10-11 ̡̛̭̱̯ ̨̪̭̣̖ ̡̛̬̱̌̐̚̚ ̥̭̭̼̌.

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