Глава 7. Проводниковые материалы. С.186-229
.pdf
|
A |
'"r |
|
Pile. 7-8. |
CxeMa 'fepMOnapbI |
|
||
|
!2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
._--~-~.,.jI |
HOpMaJIbHOII |
TeMnepaType. nO,lJ.CraBJIHR B |
|||||
r~"~-' |
|
- t |
¢OPMYJIy |
(7-7) napaMeTpbI Me)J.H I' |
= 58.106 |
|||
, J+ |
B |
|
Crvl/M H |
'\'r |
= 390 BT/(M'K) II |
TeMnepa- |
||
V - |
|
|
Typy |
T = |
29B |
K, |
nOJIyqaeM |
La = |
It =2,47.10- 8 B2 /K2 , tITO BeCbMa 6JIH3KO 1( Te~
opeTIltrecKoMy 3HaQeHHIO. UpH I-WPM8JIbHOH TeMnepaType JVI51 aJIfOMHHHH
Lo =::- 2,1 . 10- 8, |
;~.1I51 cepe6pa 2,35·10- 8, ,1l}IH |
UHHKa 2,45· 10- 8, 11,JISI |
CBHHua H o,nosa |
2,5.10- 8 , AJIH rrJIaTHHbl 2,6.10- 8, Jl,JIH iKeJIeaa 2,9 X |
|
>< lO-H B2/I<>~. |
O;J,H3KO B 06JlaCTH HH3KHX TeMfIepaTyp OTHoweHHe |
|
"YT/(I'T) Y)Ke He OCTaeTC51 HeH3MeHHbIM. Ha pEC. |
7-6 H 7- 7 AaHbI B 6HJlO- |
rapH; Mfp-IeCKOM MacwTa6e 3aBHCIIMOCTH K0:3tpcPH1UIeHToB TenJIOnpoBOJ1,-
HOCTH HCKOTOpbIX lfnCTblX MeTaJlJIOB H ClUlaBOB OT TepMoAHHaMHLJeCKOH TeMnepaTypw. 4HcToTa H xapaKTep MexaHH4ecKoA o6pa60TKH MeTaJIJIa MoryT 38MeTHO BJIH51Tb Ha ero TenJIOrrpOBOAHOCTb, B oco6eHHocTH npH
HH3KHX TeMnepaTypax. |
|
|
|
|
T e p M 0 :3 JI e K T P 0 |
,lJ. B H }1{ Y IlL a 51 |
C II JI 8. |
DPH |
corrpHKOC- |
HOBeHHH AByX pa3.;1HQHbIX |
MeTaJIJ1HQeCKHX |
npOBOAHHKOB |
(UJIU |
nOJlyfIpo- |
BOlI,HHKOB, eM. rJ1. 8) Me.tKJl,y HHMH B03HHKaeT KOl-ltllaKllZflQ5l pa3fLOcmb nO/Ile!-HFw/we. flp wnnra I105IBJ1CIHHI :~Ho}i pa3HocTlI I10TeHUHaJIOB 3a·
lUnOqaeTC)l 8 pa3J1H4IlH 3HaQeHlII1 pa60Tbl BblXOA3 SlJleKrpOHGB H3 pa3-
.!Il!tIHbIX MeT3.;1JIOB (eM. Ta6JI. 7-1), a raKlKe B TOM, qTO KOHueHTpaLUIH
3JleKTpOHOB, a CJle,l'J,OBaTeJIbHO, H AaBJleHHe 3JIeKTpOHHoro raaa y pa3HbIX MeTaJIJIOB H CDJIaBOB MoryT 6bITh HeO)l,HHaKOBbIMH. 113 3JleKTpOIHIOH TeopIHI MeTaJI.lIOB c.TIe,ll,yeT, tITO KOHT3KTHa5l pa3HOCTb nOTeHUHa.TIOB Mem)J,y
MCT3.!I.IIaMH |
A Ii |
B paBI-Ia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
UAli = UB - |
kT |
nOA |
|
|
(7-9) |
|
|
|
|
|
V A -t- - |
e |
In -- , |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
fl OB |
|
|
|
|
r.ne |
VA |
II |
UB - |
nOTeHlUlaJIbI |
COnpHKaCafOIll,HXC51 |
l\-1eTaJIJIOB; |
!lOA II |
|||
flOB |
- HOHueHTpaiU-fH 3JIeKTpOHOB B l\leTaJ1JIaX A |
11 |
B; k - nOCT051HHa51 |
|||||||
DOJIbwvIaHa; |
e - |
a6COJIIOTHaH |
BeJIHllUHa 3ap51Aa |
3JIeKTpOHa. |
|
|||||
|
ECJIH |
TeMnepaTyphI «cnaeB» |
OJI.HHaKOBhI, |
TO CYl\'1Ma pa3HOCTH |
nOTeH- |
Ulla.J10B B 3arvlI<HyTOH UerU! paBHa HyJIIO. HHa4e 06CTOliT Ae.TIO, KOr,1l.a O)l,HH H3 cnaen HIvleeT TeMnepaTypy TI • a .npyroH - TeMnepaTypy T 2
(pHC. 7-8). B 3TOM CJIyqae Me)KAY cnaHMlI B03HHKaeT TepMo-3,llC, paBHa5I
|
|
|
f:T |
n |
-j-UA-UB + |
|
|
U=UAB-t-UBA=UB-UA+~in OA |
|||||
|
|
|
e |
fl OB |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(7-10) |
QTO |
]ViO)~<;HO 3anHC3Tb |
B BH)l,e |
|
|
|
|
|
'P- nocToHHHbl~I |
U = 'l' |
(T1 - |
T z), |
|
(7-11) |
rAe |
)l,JIH .naHHoH |
rIapbl |
npoBoJJ,HHKOB |
K03epqHHl,HeHT |
TepMo-3,UC, T. e. TepMo-3,UC )1,o.1I)1(Ha 6hITh npOnOpIU-IOI-IaJIbHa pa3HocTH TeMnepaTyp cnaeB.
196
Puc. 7-9. 3aSHCHMOCTb Te~mepaTypHoro K03~(~Hu.ueH |
-1 |
Mo(Xl·,1 6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
I |
||||||||||||||
T3 JIllHeHHOro paCllmpemI5l (J.z amOMHHHH OT Tel'imepa- |
Je |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
TypbI |
|
|
|
I |
I |
|
/ |
V |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
(7-11) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
<DaKTHQeCKH COOTHOllJeHHe |
C06JHO- |
30 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
.n;aeTCH He BCer)];a II 3aBHCHMOCTb TepMo-311C |
|
|
|
|
V |
|
I, |
|
|
, |
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
OT pa3HOCTH |
TeMnepaTyp cnaeB MOiKeT 6bITb |
|
|
|
|
V |
|
|
|
||||||||||
He |
CTporo |
JIHHerrHOH |
(CM. |
KPHBYIO |
7 Ha |
|
|
|
.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
I |
||||
puc. |
7-27). OpOBOJJ" COCTaBJIeHHhIH H3 ,ll,BYX |
25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
/ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
H30nnpOBaHHNX ~pyr |
OT Apyra npOBOJIOK |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
lI3 pa3JIIFIHbIX MeT8,lIJIOB HJIH CTIJIaBOB (mep- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
~ o |
|||||||||
Monapa), npHMeHHlOT )1,JIH H3MepeHHH TeM- |
20 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
200 |
|
|
|
||||||||||||||
nepaTYp. B TepMonapax HCnOJIb3YIOTC5I npo- |
|
0 |
400 |
|
600 r: |
||||||||||||||
BO.n;Hi1KH, IiMeIOIILHe 60JIblliOl{ |
Ii cTa6HJIbHbIH |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K03qxlmUHeHT Tepl'vlO<~nC. Hao6opoT, AJIH 06MOTOK 113MepUTeJIbHbIX npu60pOB H pe3HcTopOB cTpeMHTC5I npHMeHHTb npOBO)1,HHKOB~eMaTepH8JIM
H CnJlaBhI C B03MO}IHIO MeHbWHM K03¢cpHUHeHTOM TepMo-3JlC OTHOCHTe.'1bHO Me,ll,H, {ITOabI H36e)KaTb nOHBJIeHHH B H3MepHTeJIbHbIX cxeMax
rrapa3HTHbIX TepMo-3,UC, KOTopble MorJill |
6bI BbI3BaTb olUu6KH |
np H |
|
TOqH~X H3MepeHHHx. |
|
|
|
TeMnepaTypHwH |
K03¢~HUHeHT JIHHe~HOro |
||
pac III II P e H H 51 n p 0 |
B 0 ,ll, H 11 K 0 |
B. 3TOT K03cPcPHUHeHT, |
Bbl- |
4nCJIHeMbIH no TOMy }Ke Bblpa1KeHHIO (5-7), QTO H AJ15I )1,H3JIeKTpHKoB, HHTepeceH He TO.rlbKO npH paCCMOTpelHHI pa60ThI pa3JII1QHbIX COrrp5IiKeHHbIX MaTeplIauTIOB B TOH HlIH HHoH KOHCTpyKI{HH (B03MO}KHOCTb pacTpeCKHB3HHH HJIH HapyweHHH BaKyyM-fIJIOTHOrO CoelIJIHeIHIH co CTeKJIaMH,
Kep2MHKoii npH H3MelleHHH TeMrrepaTypbI 11 T. n.). OH Heo6xoll;HM
TaIOi<e 11 JJ,J1H paCqeTa TeMnepaTypHoro K03Q)(pHUHefIT3 9.1eKTpHQeCKOrO conpoTHBJleHH5I npoBoJ];a
|
|
Ti( R = |
an. = |
c{,p - |
(Xl' |
|
(7 -12) |
|
npaB}:La, |
AJIH qIICTbIX |
MeT3,J1JIOB, |
KaK |
3TO |
BUlI.HO |
113 Tao.!I. 7-1, 06bl4HO |
||
al «(J.;p, |
TaK qTO B qJOpMyJIe (7-12) |
MO)KHO |
npeHe6petIb |
ex, no cpaBl-£e- |
||||
HHlO C cxp H CqHTaTb npH6JIH}I{eJIHO |
aN |
;:2 |
a o' |
OJJ,HaKO |
)J,JIH CfIJIanOB, |
|||
HMeIOIUHX |
MaJIbIH a p |
(CM. Pl1c. 7-3, 6 H § 7-5), |
(pOpMyJIa (7-12) MOiKeT |
HMeTb cymecTBeHHoe npaKTHtIeCKOe 3HaQeHHe. 3HaQeHHe (tl MeTanJIOB
B03paCTaeT opa nOBbIIlleHHH TeMnepaTypbI H rrpH6JJIUKeHHH
Type fIJIaBJIeHHH (pilC. 7-9). D03TOMY, KaK npaBHJIO, rrpH HOPM3JIbHOH
reMnepaType .TIerKOnJIaBKHe MeTaJIJIbI lIMelOT cpaBIH1TeJIbHO BbICOKHe, a TyronnaBKHe - cpaBHHTeJIbHO HH3KHe 3HaqeHHH al (eM. Ta6Jl. 7-1).
NiexaHHLIecKHe CBOHCTB8 npOBO)1,HHKOB xap8KTepH3YlOT npe,J,eJl0M npOQHOCTH npli pacT5DKeHHH a p H OTHOCHTeJ1bHbIM y)1,JIHHeHHe;,v! rrere!~ pa3pbIBoM /),1/1, a TaK)I{e xpynKocTblO, TBep)1,OCThIO II TOMy nOJI,OOHbIMH
CBoHcTuaMH. 1\''lexaHHQeCKHe cBoflcTBa MeTaJIJIHqeCKHX npoBo)J.HIIKOB
B OO,TlbllIOH CTeneHH 3aBHCHT OT MeXaHHqeCKOH H TepMHllecKoll oopa6oTKH,
OT HaJIHqHH JlerHpYloIILHX npHMeceii |
II T. n. BJIII5IHIIe OTiKHra npHBO,ll,IlT |
K cymecTBeHHoMY YMeHhllleHHlO a p |
II YBeJItItleHHIO ~l/t. TaKHe epH3HQe· |
CKHe napaMeTpbI npoBoJJ,HHKOBbIX MaTepnaJIOB, K8K TeMnepaTypa n~rcaB~ JIeHHH II KHneI-UIH, y,II,eJIhHaH TeI1J10eMKOCTb (CM. TaOJ!. 7-1) H J~pyrHe,
He Tpe6YIOT OC06bIX llOHCHeHIHf.
7-2. MATEPHAnbl BblCOKOR npoBoAHMOCTH
K Ha1I6o.lIee lllHpOKO paCnpOCTp3HeHHblM !vI3TepH3.lIaM Bb!COKOii npoBOllHMOCTH C.lIeJl.yeT OTHeCTB MeJl.h H 3.lIlOMHHHH (eM. Ta6.1I. 7-1).
fv'te,ll.b. n p e Ii rvt y ill, e C T B 3 M e Jl. H, 06ecnelIHBaIOI.U.He eii WH-
pOKoe npHMeHeHHe B KaqeCTBe npOBOJj,HHKOBoro MaTepHaJla, c ..lJeJl.YlOllJ,He:
1) Ma.lIOe Y,lLe.lIbHOe conpoHIB.neHHe (H3 Bcex MaTepHa.lIOB TOJIbKO cepe6po
HMeeT HeCKO.lIbKO MeHbwee YJl.eJIbHOe conpOTHB.lIeHHe, qeM MeJJ.b);
2) .n.ocraTOlIHO BhICOKa5I MexaHHlIeCKaH npOlJHOCTh; 3) yJl.OB.lIeTBOpHTeJ1hHaH B 60.T1hWl1HCTBC CJIylIaeB CTOHKOCTb no OTIlOWeHHlO K KOpp03HH (MeAh OKHC.TIHeTC5I H3 B03JJ.yxe ,ll,3iKe B YC.lIOBH5IX BblCOKOH BJI3)KHOCTH 3HalJH-
Te.lIbHO Me,U.lIeHHee, lJeM, HanpHMep, |
)l{e.lIe30; HHTeHCHBHoe OKHC-Tle- |
|||
HHe |
Me)])! |
npOHCXO,UHT |
TO.lIbKO npH |
nOBbIllIeHHhIX Te:.HlepaTypax (CM. |
pHC. |
7-10); |
4) xopowaH |
06pa6aThIBaeMocTh (MeJl.h npoKaTbIBaeTcH B .,:lM- |
CTbl, .1IeHTbI H npoTHfHBaeTC5I B npOBOJIOKy, TO.lIlIJ.MHa I{OTOPOH MOJKeT 6bITb ll,OBe,UeHa ,lJ,O TbICHlIHblX Jl.O.lIeH MH.lIJIHMeTpa); 5) OTHOCHTe.lIhHa5I .lIef-
KoeTh |
nafIKH |
11 cBapKH. |
f1 0 |
.lI Y 1I |
e H HeM e Jl. H. Iv\e.n.b nO.lIYlIaIOT lIaw,e Bcero nyreM |
nepepa60TKH CYJIbCPH.Il.HbIX PYJl.. Ooc.lIe HeCKOJIbKHX n.lI3BOK PYJl.bl II 06-
)KHrOB C HHTeHCHBHblM ,ll,YTbeM Me}].b, npeJl.H33HalJeHH8H ,J,.i1f13JIe[{TpO-
TeXHHKH, 06H3aTe.7IbHO npoxo)J.HT npouecc 3"leKTpO"lHTHtIeCKOH OQHCTKH. nO~lytIeHHhIe DOGIe 3JleKTpOJIH3a KamoJHbte flJlaCTHHhI ;vIeJl..H nepenJIaB-
JHHOT B 60J1B3HKH |
MaCCOH 80-90 Kr, KOTopble npoKaTblBalOT H npoTH- |
rH BafOT B H3ll,e.lIH5I |
Tpe6YlOlll.erOCH nonepelIHoro CelJeHH5I. npH H3rOTOB.,'le- |
HMB npOBO"lJOKH 60JIBaHKH cnepBa nOJl.BepralOT rOp5IlIeH npoKaTKe B TaK H33hIBaeMYl-O KamaHKy JJ.HaMeTpOM 6,5-7,2 MM; 3aTeM K3TaHKY n-po-
TpaB.,1HBaJOT B C.lIa60M pacTBope cepHoH KHC.lIOThI, QTo6bl Y.IJ.a.lIHTb C ee nOBepXHOCTH OKCH}]. MeJl.H CuO, o6pa3yIOlll.HHCH npH HarpeBe, 3 33TeM
Yllie npOT5IrHB31OT |
6e3 |
nO.IJ.OrpeBa B |
npOBOJIOKy |
Hy:tKHbIX }].HaMeTpOB |
- |
|||||||||||||
,no 0,0:3-0,02 MM. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
i\\ |
a p K H |
M e ,l( H. B CCCP B KalIeCTBe npOBOJl.HHKOBOro MaTepHa.lIa |
||||||||||||||||
HCnOJlb3yeTcH Me,lI,h MapOK 1\\1 |
|
|
11 |
1\\0. J\1e):Lb |
lIv1apKl1 .\11 |
CO,J.'2PlliHT99,9 |
% |
|||||||||||
A,Utm! |
|
I J~ |
|
Cu, |
a |
B o6meM |
KOJIHlIeCTBe |
npHMecei:i |
||||||||||
|
(0,1 |
%) KHCJIOpO,IJ,a |
Jl.O"l)KHO |
6blTb |
He |
|||||||||||||
'I |
|
,n |
60JIee |
0,08 %. |
npHCyTcTBHe B Me,lI,H |
|||||||||||||
r-1 |
J |
|
1/' |
|
I |
I |
|
KHc.nopo)],a YXYJl.WaeT ee MeX3HHlIeCKHe |
||||||||||
00 r------:-+----i---r---+-,t1'-'--r-~ |
|
|||||||||||||||||
: |
I |
|
, |
' |
I' |
I |
|
CBoHcTBa. |
J1YlJIllHMH |
\IeXaHHlIeCIUIMH |
||||||||
) |
|
|
/: |
|
J |
, |
I |
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
I |
|
|
|
|
|
cBoiicTBaMH oO.lIaJJ.aeT \H:;l,b \IapKH lV\.O, |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
I |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B KOTOpOH CO)I,ep)l{HTCH He 6oJ1ee 0,05 % |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
npHM~ceH, B TOM lIMc,ne He CBblwe 0,02 % |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
KMc,nopo.na. 113 |
Me.n.H |
IVlapKH Nl0 r.iOlKeT |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6bITb |
H3rOTOBJIeHa TOHI<aH npoBo.TfOKa. |
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TIPH |
XOJIOJl.HOH |
npOTHiKKe |
nO.lIYlIalOT |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fneepoylO (TBep,lJ.OTHHyTylO) MeJl.b (l\'\T), |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
KOTOpa5I 6.lIaroJl.ap5I |
B.lIHHHHlO HaK"lena |
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
HMeeT BbICOKHII npe,lI..eJl npOQHOCTH npH |
|||||||
oLJLJ=:t=:±~::;j;2::::L.4Jt |
|
Puc. 7-10. 3aBllcHMoCTH CJWpOCTH OKllCJIeHHH |
||||||||||||||||
|
HeKOTopblX |
MeT3JI.'IOB OT TeM:lepaTypbI OKpy- |
||||||||||||||||
600 |
700 |
800 |
900 |
|
|
1000 °c |
|
|
|
lli.alOw,ero B03,LlY xa |
|
|
198
Puc. 7-11. 3aBHcHMoCTH |
yneJJbHOrO |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
conpOTHB.TleHIUI p, npe.n:.eJIa npOtiHOCTH |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
npn paCTH>Kemm ap H OTHOCHTeJIbHO- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
fO y,tJ.JIHHeHIHI |
nepen |
paspbIBoM |
i1l11 |
175 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
MeAn OT |
TeMnepaTypbI OT>KHra |
(npo- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
nOJIIKHTe..'1bHOCTb OT>KHra |
1 tI) |
171 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
paCT~DKeHHH |
11 |
|
MaJIOe |
OTHO- |
157 |
|
20 ~~I-I-===+=~--! |
|
|||||||||
ClfTeJIhHOe |
YjlJIHHeHHe |
nepe.u |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
!tonK |
|
|||||
pa3phlBoM, |
a |
TaK}Ke |
o6.11a- |
|
|
|
o |
200 400 600800 °C |
|||||||||
.n:aeT TBepjlOCThlO |
If |
ynpyro- |
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
CTbfO |
npn |
H3f1I6e; |
npOBOJIOKa |
H3 TBeplloii |
Mell.H |
HeCKOJ1bKO |
npy- |
||||||||||
>KHHHT. |
Ec.rnI |
}Ke |
Me)lb |
nOjlBepraTh |
|
OT)£(Hry, |
T. |
e. |
HarpeBy 11.0 |
||||||||
HeCKOJIbKIIX |
COT rpa,n.YCOB C nOC.neJlYlOlll,HM OXJI a)K)l,eH HeM , TO |
nO.7IY- |
|||||||||||||||
lJHTCH |
.Mfl2Kafl |
|
(OTO)£(}KeHHaH) |
MeJlb |
(M..M) , |
KOTopaH |
cpaBHHTeJIbHO |
nnaCTHqHa, Hl\leeT MaJIylO TBepJlOCTb Ii He60.lIbwylO npOqHOCTb, HO BeCbMa 60,Tlbwoe y,II}IIIHeHHe nepeJl p33pbIBOM H (B COOTBeTCTBHH C paCCMOTpeHHblMH Bblwe 06 IIUDHI 33KoHoMepHocTHMH) 60JIee BbICOKYIO YJleJIbHYlO npoBo- ,l(HMOCTb. OTnGlf Me,lJ.H npOH3BOJIHT B cneUlf3.HbHbIX neqax 6e3 nocTyna B0311yxa, lJTo6bT H36e)£(3Tb OKHCJIeHHH. B.TIHHHHe OT)£(Hra Ha y.ueJIbHOe 9JIeKTpHqeCKOe conpOTHBJIeHHe H MeX3HHqeCKHe cBoAcTBa MejlH HJIJIID-
cTpHpyeT pnc.
CI12GflaapmHQR Meab, B npoueHTax no OTHOIIleHHlO K yJteJIbHOH opo-
BOllHMOCTH KOTOpOH HHOr,l(3 Bblp3JKalOT YjleJIbHble npoBOnHMocTH MeTa,TI-
JIOB II CnJIaBOB, B OTO}IOKeHHOM COCTOHHHH npH 20°C HMeeT YJle.HbHYfO npoBolLHMocTb.58 MCM/M, T. e. p = 0,017241 MKO:vt·M. Yl.l,eJIbHaH npo-
BOlI,HMOCTb Me;u: - napaMeTp BeCbMa qYBcTBllTe.1bHblfl K HaJIllqylIO npH- MeCeJ<j (pnc. 7-12, CM. T3K)Ke pHC. 7-31 a). HOPMHPOB8HHble CBOHCTBa
TBep!J.oH II l\jHrKOIf Men,Hor"1 (a T3KlKe nJIH cp3BHe'HllH aJIlOMHHHeBoH) npOBOJI0KH iHIHhI B Ta6JI. 7-3. Y lle.HbH3H Ten.TIO~MKOCTb H K03epqnfUHeHT
TennonpOBOAHOCTH MenH KaK epyHKUIHI TeMnep3TypbI npellCTaBJIeHbI H3 pHe. 7-13. TBep:iYl:O MeJ,b !'IlOTpc67unoT. T3M, r.n.e H:lllO
80 t-- |
+;-";+-:""" |
|
|
|
|
||
70 |
~~-+-~ +-~~:::+ +-- --- -- |
+-:-.-l |
|
||||
60 |
1---'4..-'~:-+------t~I---+--+--:-C:-+---=-+ :::IOoo-j.... |
||||||
50 |
t--- |
|
fr-~~~~+ |
--+--- |
f..':~---- |
=r..::-=l |
|
*O~ |
-+-'lr+-~~-~-f'-o-+ +-- --- |
=-,"'---- |
' |
||||
30 |
a |
02 |
04 |
8,5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
J |
|
|
|
Dr y-: |
JJ, H< |
c |
|
M·I< T |
Kc·K |
||
800 |
4DDIt +.,,,.:'-+ + l 4---- --- --- ---- |
600 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
100 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20[1 L 1JJ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
--"_-- |
|
'-_........ |
|
_... |
o.-_t~ |
|||||
|
|
|||||||||
-200 |
0 200 4DD |
oJD·C |
PRC, |
7-12 |
|
|
PIlC. 7-13 |
|
PHC. 7-12. 3aBHCHMOCTU |
yne.JIbHOH |
npoBoAHMOCTH |
"i |
MeAn aT co,UepJK3HHSI npHMeceii |
|
|
|
(B % no Macce) |
|
|
|
Y,lI.eJIbHaR npoBo,ll,IlMOCTb |
4HCTOii MeAIi |
npUHflTa 3a 100 %' fTpHMecIl YKa3<lHbl B03Jle Kr!UlbJ~ |
|||
PHC. 7-13. 3arnlcHMocTH |
YAe..'1bHoi'l TenJIOeMKOCTH |
C |
II K03eptPUll,UeHTa TCl1v10npO[)(),IJ.- |
||
|
|
HOCTH "iT |
MeAu aT Tell.mepaTypbl |
199
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ta6JlUl~a 7·3 |
||
--,,_._--_. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
MeJ1,b |
|
|
|
|
|
A.TlIOMHHHI1 |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
n 8p 811-lC"IP |
|
MT |
!, |
|
|
MM |
I |
AT |
AM |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
I |
I |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
npe;~e.n npOtIHOCTH npu paCTH- |
360-390 |
|
260-280 |
|
|
160-170 |
80 |
|
|||||
)KeHHH ap , MIla, He MeHe2 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
OTHocHTe."IbHoe YJlJIHHeHHe rrepeJJ, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
pa3pbJEOM |
111/i, %, |
He MeBee |
0,5-2,5 |
|
18-35 |
|
|
1,5-2,0 |
11}-18 |
|
|||
YJJ.eJIbHOe |
conpOTllBJIeHHe p, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
MKOM'M, He oo.rree |
. . . . |
0,0179-0,0182 |
|
0,01754 |
|
|
0,0295 |
0.0290 |
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
06ecne4HTb oco60 BbICOKYlO l'vleXC:lHHqeCKYIO npOQHOCTb, TBep.nOCTb Ii COnpOTHBJIHeMOCTb HCTl1paHIHO (ll.JIH l(OHTaKTHbIX npOBOAOB, 11,JHl llIHH pac~
npe.n.eJIHTeJIbHbIX yCTpOHCTB, AJIH KOJIJIeKTOpHbIX nJIaCTUH 3JIeKTpUtIeCKMX
MalllUH n op .). A151TKYlO MeJlb B BHll.e npOBOJIOK Kpyr.lIoro H npsuloyrOJIb-
Horo CeqeHHH npHMeHHlOT rJIaBHbIM 06pa30:\1 B KaqeCTBe TOKOnpOBOll.HII.J.HX
)f{HJl |
Ka6eJIefi |
H |
06MOTOlJHbIX rrpOBO.nOB, |
fll: Bam:Ha r1IOKOCTb H nJIac- |
TJFIHOCTb (He |
ltO.JDKH3 npY>I{[JHHTb I1pH |
H3rH6e), a He npOqHOCTb. |
||
l\le;lb |
HB.TIHeTCH |
Cp3BHHTeJlbHO JI.0POfHM |
H lI,e¢HUHTHbIM MaTepHaJIOM. |
n03TOMY OHa .n.OJDKHa paCX01l.0B3TbC51 BeCb\1a 3KOHOMHO. OrXO)1.bl Me)J;H H3 3JIeKTpOTeXHHqeCKHX npeJJ.rrpHHTHHX Heo6xolI.HMO TlU,aTeJIbHO COOM- paTh; BalKHO He CMemHBaTb IlX C .n.pyrHMH MeTaJIJIaMH, a TaKJKe C MeHee tIBCTOH (He 3JIeKTpC)TeXHHQeCKOH) Mell.bfO, qTo6bI MOiKHO ObIJIO 3TH OTXO,D.bl nepefIJIaBHTb H BHOBb HCnOJIb30BaTb B KaqeCTBe 3,J1eKTpOTeXHIIQe-
CKoii Me]J.H. A1eJJ.b KaK npOB01l.HHKOBbIli NUnepaaJl Bce WHpe 3aMeHHercSl
.npyrHMH MeTaJIJIaMI1, B ocooeHHOCTH aJHOMHHHeM.
C n JI a B bI M e 11 H. B OTll.eJIbHhIX CJlyqaHX nOMHMO QHCTOH Me.n.H
B KaqeCTBe npOBOll.HHKOBOro MaTepHaJIa npHMeHHIOTC51 ee cn.naBhI C OJIOBOM, KpeMHHeM, ~OC~OPOM, 6epHJIJIHeM, XpOMOM, MarHueM, Kall.MHeM.
TaKHe CnJIaBbI, HOCHllJ..He Ha3BaHHe 6pOH3, rrpH npaBHJIbHO nO.lI.06paHHOM COCTaBe HMe;oT 3HaQUTeJlbHO GOJIee BbICOKHe MeXaHlIqeCKlIe CBOHCTBa, qeM QHCT3fl MelJ,b: Op 6POH3 MomeT 6bITb 800 -1200 iV\Oa H 60Jlee. fiPOH3bI IllHpOKO npHMeI-HllOT 1I.Jl71 H3fOTOBJIeHHH TOKonpOBOJJ.HIlI.HX rrpy~
/RUH II T. n. BBe.TI,eHHe B MeLl,b KaJt\llHI npu cpaBHHTe,lIbHo Ma.TIOM CHH}{{e-
HHH y.neJIbHOH npOBOIUIMOCTH (CM. pHC. 7-12) 3HaQHTeJlbHO nOBblwaeT MeXaHUtIecKyIO np04:fIOCTb H TBeplJ.O~Tb. Kao.MueeljfO 6POfl3lj npHMeHHloT
JVIH KOHTaKTHblX npoBolWB H KOJIJleKTOpHbIX I1.HaCTHH ocono OTBeTCTBeHBoro Ha3HaQeHHH. Eme 60JIbilieH MeXaHHQeCKOH npOQHOCTbIO o5JIa.n.aeT
6epu/lAueeafl 6pOH3Q (op -lI,O 1350 NIna). Cn,lIaB l'vlelI,H C UHHKOM -
Aarnf/I-lb - o6JIaJl.aeT 1l0CraTOQHO BbICOKHM OTHOCHTe.rlbHbIM yaJIHHeHHeM
nepell pa3pbIBoM npH nOBblweHHOM no cpaBueHmo C 4HCTOH Me.n.blO npenCJle npOQHOCTH npH pacTHllieHHH. 3ro 1laeT JIaTyHH reXHOJIOfHqeCKHe
npeHMyw,ecTBa nepen MeJl.bfO npH o6pa6oTKe UIT3MnoBKoH, rJIy6oKOH: BbITH)KKOH II T. 11. 8 COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM JI3TYHb I1pH:vreHHfOT B 3JleKTpO~
TeXHHKe )J)151 113fOTOBJIeHHH BceB03MOiKHbIX TOKOnpOBD.1J,5HI.\HX ,lJ,eTaJIeii.
200
AJJWMHHHM 5IBJIHeTCH BTOPbIM no 3HaqeHHK) (nOCJIe Me,Uu) npOBO,UHH-
KOBbIM MaTepHaJIOM. 3TO Ba)KHeHlIlHtl npe)1.CTaBHreJIb TaK HaSbIBaeMbIX JJerKHX MeraJIJIOB (T. e. MeTaJIJIOB C n.lIOTHOCTb!O MeBee 5 .Li\1r/M3); nJIOTHOCTb JIHTOrO aJIlOMHHIHI OKOJIO 2,6, a npoKaTaHHoro - 2,7 Mr/M3 •
TaKHM 06pasoM, aJIIOMHHHH npH6JIHSIITeJIbHO B 3,5 pasa JIerqe Me.ll,H.
TeMnepaTypHbIH K03q>qnUI.HeHT pacillHpeHHH (CM. pHC. 7-9), Y.ll,eJIbHaH Ten~TJ:OeMKOCTb II TenJIOTa nJIaBJIeHHH aJHOMHHIHI 60JIbWe, qeM Me.ll,H.
Bc.TIe,UcTBHe BhICOKHX SHaqeHHH y.rr.eJIbHOH TeUJIOeMKOCT11 11 TeilJIOTbI nJIa-
BJIeHHH .rr.JIfl HarpeBa aJIlOMHHHfl .rr.o TeMnepaTypbI flJlaBJIeHHH 11 nepe-
BOJI,a B paCilJIaBJIeHHOe COCTOHHHe Tpe6yeTcH 60JlbIlIa5I 33TpaTa TenJIOTbI, geM .ll,JIH HarpeBa H paCilJIaBJIeHHH TaKoro Me KOJIHqeCTBa Me,lJ.H, XOTH TeMnepaTypa nJIaBJIeHHH aJIlOMHHHH HH)Ke, lIefv! Me1l,H.
A,J1IOMHHHH o6JIa.ll,aeT flOHIUKeHHbIMH no cpaBHeHHfO C Me,lI,bIO CBOHCTBaMH -- KaK MeXaHHqeCKHMH, TaK H 3JIeKTpHQeCKHMH. Opn OJJ;HH3KoBbrx CeqeHHH H .zJ,JIHHe .3.TJ:eKTpnlIecKoe COI1pOTIIBJIeHHe 3JIFO\HIHHCBoro rrpOBOJl.a
60.J1bWe, lIeM MeJJ,Horo, |
B 0,028 : 0,0172 = 1,63 pa3a. C"TJ:e,lI,OB3TeJlbHO, |
~ |
u |
tITOObI nOJIYlJHTb aJHOMHHHeBbIH npOBO.ll, T8Koro )f{e .3JleKTpH4ecKoro conpoTHBJleHHH, KaK H Me,lI,HbIl1, HylKHO BSl1Tb etO CeqeHHe B 1,63 pa33 60JlblllHM, T. e. ,lJ,HaMeTp ,lJ.OJDReH 6bITb B V 1,63 ~ 1,3 p333 60JIbLUe )J,naMeTpa Me)I.HOro npoBo.rr.a. OTCfO,lJ,a nOHHTHO, qTO eCJIH orpaHHlIeHbi ra6apHThI, TO saMeHa Me,lJ.H aJIlOMHHHeM 3aTpy.nHeHa. ECJIH Me cpaBHHTb no Macce ,lJ,Ba OTpe3Ka aJIlOMHHHeBoro 11 Me,lI,HOrO npOBO,UOB O,lJ,HOH .rr.JIHHbI H O)J.Horo H Toro Me conpOTHBJleHHH, TO OKa)KeTCH, lITO aJHOMHHHeBbIH flPOBO~
XOT5I Ii TOJIme Me)J.Horo, HO JIepre ero npH6JIH3HTe.rrbHO B )lBa pa3a:
8,9/(2,7·1,63) ~ 2.
rIo3TOMY JVIH H3rOTOB.TJ:eHIUI flpOBO.rr.OB O,lI,HOi'IH TOH me npoBo)J.HMOCTH npH .rr.aHHoii .rr.JIHHe 3JIlOMHHHH BblrO)J.Hee MeJlH B TOM CJ1YlIae, eCJIH TOHHa
3JIIOMHHHH JJ,opOMe TOHHhr MeJU1 He 60JIee lIeM B .ll,Ba pasa. BecbM3 BaMHo, lITO a,HlOMHHHH MeHee .ueeptIIUITeH, qeM Me~'l,b. B HaCTOHmee BpeMH B CCCP
a.mOMHHHif He TOJIbKO 33MeHHJJ Me)J,b B B03,Ll,YWHbIX JJHHHHX 3.neKTponepe-
,naqn, HO H BHe,lI,p5IeTCH B rrpOH3BOJJ;CTBO H30JIHpOBaHHbIX Ka6eJlbHblX U3-
~eJIHtl.
nJIH 3.TIeKTpOTeXHHlIeCKHX HeJIeH HCnOJIb3YlOT aJIIOMHHHH, CO}].epLKa- I.JJ,HH He 60JIee 0,5 % npmvleceH, MapKH AI. Eme 60JIee lInCThIH aJIIOMHHHH MapKH ABOO (He 60JIee 0,03 % npHMeceif) npHMeuHIOT IVIH HSrOTOBJIeHJUI aJIIOMIIHHeBoll epOJIbrH, .3JIeKTpo)J.oB II KopnycoB OKCUiJHblx KOfliJcflcamo- p08. AJIiOMHHHfI HaIIBblcillell qHCTOTbI ABOOOO HMeeT cOJl.ep)f{aHHe npuMecei%, He npeBblillafOmee 0,004 %. PasHble npHMecH B pa3JIIItIHoB CTeneHH CHH)J{alOT y.rr.eJIbHYIO npoBo)J.HMOCTb y aJIfO?v1HHHH. llo6aBKI1 Ni, Si,
Zn IIJ1H Fe npM Co.rr.epiKaHHH IIX 0,5 % CHHMalOT y OTOROKeHHoro aJIlOMHHHH He 60JIee qeM Ha 2 -3 %. bOJlee 3aMeTHoe AeHcTBHe OKaSbIBalOT npHMecH Cu, Ag H l\1g, rrpH TOM )Ke MaCCOBOM cO)J.ep)J(aHIHI CHl<DKal0UVle y
aJIIOr.H1HHH Ha 5-10 %. OqeHb CH.TlhHO CHHlKaTOT Y a.!JfOT\lHH!HI JJ.o6aBKlf
Ti u Mn.
IlpoK3TKa, npoTHMKa 11 OTMHr a.rUOMHHIHI ana.JIOrHqHbI cooTBeTcTBylOmHM onepaUH5IM na,n; Me,lI,blO. vb 3JIIOMHHIUI MO::KeT npOKaTbIBaTbCH TOHI<3H (.rr.o 6-7 MKM) <!JOJIbra, npMMeHfleMaH B KaqeCTBe 3JIeKTpo)J.oB 6yMaJKHbIX M nJIeHOtIHbIX KOH,lJ,eHC3TopOB. CBoHcTBa TBep,lJ.OH M MHrKoH
201
(OTOJKH<eHHoii) 3JllOMHHHeBOH npOBOJIOKH J1.aHbI B TaOJi. 7-3. 3allI,HTHbIe
(GT HOHH3upYIOmeHpa.LI.HaUIHf) CBoHcTBa aJHOMI1Hl1fI 6hI.HH npUBeJl.eHbI
Ha {HiC. 5-10.
AJIIOMHHHH BeCbMa aKTHBHO OKHCJIHeTCH If nOKphIBaeTcH TOHKOM 01{-
CHJl.HOI1 nJIeHKOH C 60JIbWHM 3.neKTpHQeCKHM conpOTHBJIeHHeM (CM.
§ 6-20). 3Ta nJIeHKa npeJl.OxpaHHeT alIlOMHHl1l1 OT Jl.aJIbHeHWeH KOpp03lfH,
HO C03LI.aeT 6oJIblllOe nepexOlf,HOe conpOTHBJleHHe B MeCTax KOHTaKTa 3.,1IOMHHHeBhlX npOBOlf,OB H )l.eJIaeT HeB03MO;KHOfi naHKy aJIIOMHHHH 06bltIHblMH MeTO.LI.aMH. ,llJIH naHKH aJIlOMHHHH npHMeH5iIOTCH CneUHaJIbHble nacTbI-nplinoH H.,lH Hcno.nh3YIOTCH YJIbTpa3BYKoBble naHJIbHHKH. B Mecrax KOHTaKTa 3JIlOMHHHH II MeJl.11 B03MO)KHa ra.TJbBaHHLJ:eCK3H KOpp03HH. ECJIH 06JIaCTb KOHTaKT3 nO.LI.BepraeTcH JI.el'1cTBHIO B~1arH, TO B03HHKaer MeCTHa51 raJIbB3HHLJ:eCKaH napa C JI,OBOJIbHO BbICOKHM 3HaqeHHeM 3Ile, npHQeM nOJI51pHOCTb 3T0l1 napbl TaKOBa, QTO Ha BHeWHeu nOBepXHOCTH KOHTaKTa TOK H.LteT OT aJIIOMHHIHJ K MeJl.H H aJIIOMHHHeBhIH npOBOJl.HHK MO)KeT 6hITh CHJIbHO pa3pyweH Kopp03ueA. D03TOMY MeCTa COe,llHHeHIHI Me,lI,HbIX npOBOjI,HHKOB C aJUOMHHHeSbIMH .lI.OJDKHbI TmareJIbHO 3amHmaTbCR OT ySJIa.JKHeHHH (nOKpbITHeM JIaKaMH If TOMy nO.l106HblMH cnac06alVHi).
IIHorJl.a, Hanp HMep .llJI51 3aMeHbI CBIIHua B 3alll,HTHbIX Ka6eJIhHhIX 060JI07.fE3X, HCnOJIb3yeTcH aJIIOMHI-HIH C COAep)KaHHe:VI npl1l'¥leCel1 He 60JIee
0,01 % (BMecTo 0,5 % lVI51 06bI4:HOrO npOB01l.HHKOBOro a.nIOMMHH5I). TaKoH oc060 llHCTbIH 3JIIOMHHHH cpaBHHTeJlbHO C 06bIQHbIM 6o.nee M51rOK H nJIaCTMlJeH H npHToM 06JI3ll,aeT nOBbIweHHOH CTofiKOCTblO no OTHomeHMlO K KOpp03IIH. CpaBHeHl1e Al C Cu npM KplIOreHHbIX TeMnepaTypax )laHO B
A JI 10 M H H H e B bI e C n JI a B bI OOJIalI.alOT |
nOBbIllleHHOH Mexa- |
HHQeCKOH npOt.lHOCTbIO. flpHMepoM TaKoro CnJIaBa |
HB.TIHeTCH QJlbapeli, |
co.uepmaIllHH 0,3-0,5 % l\'\g, 0,4-0,7 % Si Ii 0,2--0,3 % Fe (oCTaJIhHoe AI). BbICOKl1e MeXaHHlJeCKHe cBoikTBa aJIb,llpeH npHo6peTaeT nOCJIe OC060H o6pa60TKH (3aKaJIKH K3TaHKH-OXJla}K)l.eHHe B Bo,n,e npH TeMnepaType 510-550 °C, BOJlOQeHHe H nOCJIeJI,ylOIlI,aH BbI)l,ep)KKa npH TeMnepaType OKOJIO 150°C). B 8JIbll,pee o6pa3yeTcH COe1l.HHeHHe KOTO-
poe coo6uLaeT BblCOKHe MeX3HHQeCKHe CBolfcTBa CnJIaBy; npM YKa3aHHoH
Bblme TenJIOBOH o6paGoTKe 1l0CTHraeTCH BbIJ1,eJIeHHe 113 TBep.n.oro
paCTBopa II nepeBO,Ll ero B TOHKO)J,HcnepCHoe COCTOHHHe. AJIbnpeH B BHlle
npOBO.r.rOKH |
J1MeeT nJIOTHOCTh |
2,7 i\'lr/M 3 , |
era up = |
350 /V1Da, !11/1= |
|||
= 6,5 |
%; |
a, = 23.10- 6 K-l, |
P = 0,0317 |
MKOM ·l\1, |
a p |
= 0,0036 }\.-1. |
|
TaKHM |
06pa30M, 3JIb)-'1.PeH, npaKTHlJeCKII |
coxpaH1HI JIefKOCTb a.rnOMHHHSI |
|||||
11 6YAYQH |
nOBOJIbHO 6JIH3KHM |
K HeMy |
no ynellbHOH |
npOBO,lUIMOCTH, |
B TO .fKe BpeMH no MexaHHLIecKoli npOLIHOCTH npH6JIH)KaeTC51 K TBepno- 1'HHyTOHMCll,H. B H3CTOHlUee speMH pa3pa60TaHhI aJIIOMHHHeBble CnJI3BbI
THlla |
aJIh,l.\peH, He Tpe6ylOUI,He |
TepMUlieCKOH o6pa6oTKIL |
||
|
C |
T a JI e a JI 10 M 11 H IJ e B bI if n p 0 |
B 0 }l, WHpOKO npHMeHHeMbIl'f |
|
B |
.JIll HH51X 3JleKTpOnepell.3t.m, npell.CTaBJIHlOT C060H cep,n,eQHHK, CBHTbIH |
|||
113 |
CTa.,lbHbIX }Kl1l1 H 06BHThIH |
cHapy}KoH |
aJIIOMHHHeBOH npOBOJIOKOfI. |
B npOBOll,aX TaKoro Tilna MexaHHLIeCKa51 npOlJHOCTb onpeneJIHeTCH fJIaBHblM 06pa30M CTa~1JbHbIMCepllellHHKOM, a 3JIeKTpWleCl(aH npOBO,lJ,HMOCTb - 3JIIOMHHHeM. ~.rBeJHIQeHHbli1 I-Wpy}KHblti ll.Ha~'leTp craJIeaJIIOMHHHeBoro
202
|
|
, |
|
|
/? , |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
I |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\/ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
i |
|
f |
|
300 |
0,6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.-1 |
||||
|
|
|
~ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
/ |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
200 |
Of' |
|
|
1\ |
|
|
|
/, |
|
|||||
|
|
|
\ |
|
J |
|
|
1 |
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K3 |
|
|
|
|
||
I°T2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
V |
'\ |
|
|
"- |
.....V |
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
'" |
|
".,.-- |
|
|
" |
|
lJ |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
-iJ- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
°5 |
10 |
15 |
20 |
25,111M |
|
|
-" |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I |
|
|
|
|
|
|
- |
|
! ! |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
/dJM·M |
P |
, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
|
-- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
'..-'1I |
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
|
/' |
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
jL |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
~~ |
|
||||||
|
- |
|
1" |
|
|
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
: |
|
||
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
|
J |
|
|
|
~ |
|
|
|
|
/ |
|
|
~ |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/ |
|
/1 |
|
|
v |
|
|
|
I |
|
||||||||
|
|
I~(j |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/' |
|
|
'/ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
. |
|
i |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/if' |
|
|
J |
|
|
|
i |
i |
|
||||||||||
J-108 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L__ --j |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
||||||
I |
|
|
J |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
. / |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
'/ I |
|
|
|
I |
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
v |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I |
|
|
|
|
||||||
Hoe' |
|
|
.". |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11 |
|
|
I |
|
|
|
! |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
i |
|
|
|
|
! 1 l--'" |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
V |
|
i |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
t |
|
\ - |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
V1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
-10,4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
./ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
i |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
I' |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
j |
|
|
|
|
|
V |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
~a2 |
|
|
|
V |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
. / |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
---- |
|
V |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
t |
|
|
|
|
D |
|
200 |
|
400 |
|
|
|
|
600 |
|
BOO |
1DDO r: |
|
|||||||||||||||||
~200 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
e |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PHC. 7-14 Puc. 7-t5
PHC. 7-14. 3£1BHCHMOCTb na.mora C€4eHlHI CT8nea.}!I{);\1HHl1eBOrO npOBOjI,3 M3PIHI AC (KpHB3H 1), CeqeHMH CT3RbHoro cepAe4HHK3 (KpHB3H 2) H 8KTHBHbro 9JIeKTp~4eCKoro
conpoTHBJleHMH (npM 4aCTOTe 50 fu) e.nmmUbJ AJIHHbJ npODo)!,a (KpHB3H 3) OT BHeumero ,llHaMeTpa npODOna D
Puc. 7-15. 3aBHcHMoCTb YACJIbHOrO conpOTHBJIeHlUI P OT TeMnepaTypbI ,lVIH 4HCToro LKeJleSa (KpHB8H 1), "lMCTOBOH 9.JIeKTpOTeXHI1QecKoH CTaJIR c co,aepJKaHHeM 4 % KpeMHH5I (KpHBaH 2) H cnmma Fe-Ni-Cr (l<pMBaH 3)
npOBO.I13 no cpaBHeHIHo C 1\'lelJ,Hh!l'vtHa llHHHHX nepe.uaq11 BhICOKoro Hanp5Df{eHIIH 5fBJIHeTCH npeH!lIyl.ueCTBOM, TaK I{aK YMeHhIllaeTCH onaCHOCTb B03Hlfh:HOBeHHH KOpOfibl BCJle.ucTBHe CHIDKeHHH HanpHmeHHocTH 9JIeKTpH-
tIeCROI'O nOJIH Ha nOBepxHocTH npOBO)l.a. Ha pIlC. |
7-14 rrpIlBe.n.eHhI |
He- |
||
KOTopble xapaKTepncnIKH |
crac1ea,7HOMHHUeBoro |
npoBo,na MapKH |
AC. |
|
)l(e.1e3o (cma.'lb) I<8I< |
H8H6o.:1ee .aeweBbIH |
H |
JI.OcTynHhIH MeTa.7JJI, |
o6JIaJ~alOw.H~I K TO:\l Y EKe BblCO lcofl \leXaHli4eCKOll np04HOCTblO, np2JlCTaB-
.1lHt:r 60,IIhIllOil Iunepec IlJJH HcnO.;lb30BaHHH B KaQeCTBe npOBOllHIIl(OBOrO M3TepHaJIa. O;l,HaRO .ualKe QnCTOe )Ke,J1e30 HMeeT 3HaQHTeJlbHO 60Jlee BblCOKoe cpaBHHTe,TIbHO C ~1e;l,bK) H a}IfO~IHHHe~1 y.ueJlbHOe conpOTHBJleHue p (OKO.10 0,1 MKO:'1·M); 3HaqeHne p CTaJIH, T. e. :iKeJIe3a c npHMechID yrJIe-
p0,lLa 11 )J,pyrHx 3JleMeHTOB, eme |
Bblwe. |
OpB nepe:VleHHO\1 TOKe B CTaJ1H |
Kal{ B epeppOMarHHTHOl\'1 MaTepHa.lJ.e |
33MeTHO CI<33bIBaeTCH noeepXHocmflblU !H!)(peKnl, n09TOMY B COOTBeTCTBIHf
C H3BeCTHbL\I;I 3aKOH8:\.HI 3.;leKTporeXHHKH aKfHBHoe conpOTHB,TleHHe CT3JlbHhIX npOBO,LI,HHKOB nepeMeHHO~IY TOKy BblIUe, Qe:vl nOCToHHHOMy
TO!{y. KpU\le Toro, npn nepe\1eHHO:\1 TOKe B CTaJIbHblX npOBo.uHHK3X nOHBJIHlOTCfl rrorepII ~fOIUHOCTH Ha fHCTepe3HC. B KaqeCTBe npOBOnHH-
}{OBOrO MaTepHaJIa 06hltIHO npHMeHHeTCH |
MHrKaH CTa,ilb C conep;'!(3HlIeM |
||||
yr.:1ep01l,a 0, 10 --0, I5 %, lC\lefOLU,3H |
npeneJl |
npOQHOCTH |
npH paCTH}l\eHIHf |
||
u p =700-750 MDa, OTHOCHTeJlhHoe |
y.uJIHHeHHe |
nepeJL |
pa3pbIBOl\! 111/1= |
||
= 5 - 8 % Ii Yne.;1bl-IY~O npOB01l.HMOCTb 'V, B |
6-7 pa3 MeHhlllYlO no |
||||
cpaBHeHIlIO C ~relU)lO. TaKYlO CTaJIb |
HcnOJlb3yIOT B KaqeCTBe |
\13rep HB)Ia |
|||
u |
|
|
,., |
|
u |
,D.JUI npOBO)].OB B03nywHbIX ,.111 H If II .np II nepeJI,8tIe |
HeOO.lIb WHX |
'.lO:11HOCTelI. |
|||
B rrOJI,ooHblX CJIy'tlaHx npIL\leHeHHe |
CTaJIH I\lOiKer OKa3aThCH |
,LLOCT3TOlIHO |
203
BbIrO.D,HbTM, TaK I{aI( npH Manori CH,ne TaKa CeqeHHe npOBO.D,a onpelI,eJIH·
eTCH He 3neKTpHQeCKHM conpOTUBneHHeM, aero MeXaHUQeCKOA npoq. HOCTbIO.
CTanh RaK npOBonHHKOBMA MaTepHan HCnOJIb3yeTcH TaKme B BHAe
lliHH, peJlbCOB TpaMBaeB, 3neKTpRlleCKHX }KeJle3Hb1X AOpOI' (BKJHOqaH
«TpeTH i·i peJIbC» MeTpo) H np. 1l..TIH CepJl,eqHHKOB CTavYJeaJIIOMHHHeBhlX npo-
BOlLOB B03)J,YWHbIX nIIHHH 9JIeKTpOnepeIl.aQH (CM. Bhlwe) npHivleHHeTCH
oc060 |
npOQHaH CTa,7lbHE,H npOBo.nOKa, HMeIOluaH O'p= 1200-1.500 |
iVlfla |
H flU I |
= 4-5 %. 06blt.IHaH CTa~TIb OOJI8!{aeT I\lanOH CTOHKOCTblO K |
KOp· |
P03UE: ~1a}!\e np!l HopMa.7lhHOIl TeMnepaType, oco6eHHo B ycnoBHHX noBbIUJeHIIOH BJIaJKHOCTH, OHa 6bICTpO p)KaBeeT; ilpH nOBbHueHIIH Tervrnepa· TypbI CKOpOCTb KOPP03HH pe3KO B03paCTaeT. Il09ToMy nOBepXHOCTb
CTaJIbHbIX npOB01l0B .D,OJI.lKHa 6bITb 3anU-iw.eHa cnoeM 60,nee cToi'rKoro MaTeplIaJIa. 06brQHO }J,JIH 9TOH ue.l1H npHMeH~IOT nOKpbITHe [{HHKOM. He-
npepbIBHOCTb ClIOH UHHKa npOBepHeTCH onycKaHueM 06pa3ua npOBon.a
B 20 %-HbIII pacTBop Me,nHoro Kynopoca; npH 3TOM Ha 06Ha)KeHHOH CTaJIH
B MeCTax )J.e<peKToB OUHHKOBKH OTKJIa)J.bIBaeTCH MeJtb B BH,LI,e KpacHblx nHTeH, 3aMeTHblX Ha 06rn.eM cepOBaTOM <pOtIe OUHHKoBaHHoH nOBepx· HOCTH npoBo)J.a. )KeJIe30 HMeeT BbICOKHH TeMnepaTYPHbIli K09¢¢IHIHeHT YLI.e,nbHOro conpOTHB.neHHH (CM. Ta6Jl. 7-1 It pHe. 7-15). [103TOMY TOl{-
KyfO )1(e,ne3Hylo npoBoJ10Ky, nOl'\'IeIl~eHHYfo JI,Jl51 3aill,HTbl OT OKHCJIeHHH B 6a,IIJ10H, 3anOJIHeHHblil BOJtOpOn.OM ILlIH HHbI~! XHMHqeCKHM HeaKTHBHbIM r330M, ~'10)KHO npHl'vieHHTb B 6apetnmepax, T. e. B npH6opax, HCnOJIb3yIOLUHX 3aBHCHMOCTb conpoTHBJleHHH OT CHJIbI TOKa, HarpeBaIOJJJ.ero no· MemeHHylo B HHX OpOBOJIOqKy, 11}IH nOJULep}!{aIIHH nOCTOHHCTBa CUt/1M
TOKa |
npH J{OJIe6aHHHX HanpHllieHH5I. |
|
DUMeTaJltl'I. B HeKOTopbIX C.TIyqaHX |
JVIH YM€HhmeHIUI paCXO,U..OB [LEeT- |
|
HhIX |
MeTaJIJIOB B npOBO.lHIHKOBbIX |
KOHCTpyKHHHX BblfOJJ.HO npUMe- |
HHTb TaK H83blBaeMbifI npo8oclNllK06blU 6U.MemalUl. 3TO CTaJlb, nOKpbITa51
cHapyJKH |
CJIOeM Me)l,H, |
npHQeM 06a MeTaJIJIa COe,II.HHeHbI J~pyr C ,II.pyroM |
npOlJHO |
H HenpepbIBHO |
no Bcen nOBepXHOCTH HX conpHKOCHOBeHHSI. |
,UnH |
H3rOTOBJIeHHH |
6HMeTaJIJIa npl1MeHSHOT J1.B3 cnoc06a: 20P.H,€lUU |
(CTaJIbHylO 60nB3HKy CTaBHT B ¢OpMy, a npOrv!C)KyTOK Me.IKAY 60JIRaHKOII H CTeHK3MH epOpMbI 3a.J1lIB3lOT paCnJIaBvleHHOlI MeJ1.blO; nOJIyqeHHyfO nOCJIe oxna,K)J,eHH51 6Hl\1eTaJIJIIitIeCKYfO 60,JIB3HKy nOJ1,BepraIOT npOKaTKe Ii npo· T5DKKe) H XO/lOOflblll, Ir.7n! 3J1eKmpo/7ufllwifcKull (Me;rb OCa}I(lJ,31OT 3JleKTpo·
JIIITHtIeCKH Ha cTa.TIbHYlO npOBOJIOKy, nponycKaeMyIO Qepe3 BaHHy C pac· TBOpOlVI Me)J.Horo Kynopoca). XOJIO,LI,HbIl~f cnoco6 o6eCneqHBaeT paBHoMep·
HOCTb TOvllU.HHbI MelJ,Horo nOKpbITHH, HO Tpe6yeT 3HalJHTenbHoro pacxo)J,a
3JIeK;rp03HeprHH; KpoMe Toro, OpH XOJIO,nHOM crroc06e He 06eCnelJUBa·
eTCH CTonb npoqnoe CuefI.rIeHHe CJIOH Me)J,H CO CTaJIblO, KaJ{ npH ropsrqeM cnoco6e.
BHMeTaJIJI Hl\1eeT MeXaHHQeCKHe H 3.n:eKTIHFlecKHe cBoHcTBa, npOl'vle·
>KYTOl.IHble Me)K.uy CBoHcTBaMH CDJIOillHOrO Me)J.Horo H CnJIOillHOrO CT8JIb· Horo npoBo,nHHK3 Toro Me Cel.IeHH51; npOqHOCTb 6HMeTanna 60JIbIlle, qeM
Me)J.H, HO 9JIeKTpnlJeCKaH npOBO,LI,HMOCTb MeHbilie. PaCnOJIOR{eHHe MeAH
B Hapy)KHOM c.TJoe, a CTaJIH BHyTpH I(OHCTPYKUIUI, a He na060pOT, BeCbM3
Ba}KHO: C O)J.HOH CTOpOHbI, npH nepeMeHHOM TOKe AOCTHraeTCH |
60Jlee |
BbICOKaH npOBO,ll.HMOCTb Bcero npoBo.rr.a, B Ue.JIOM, C APyroii - |
Me,ll.b |
sarn.HllI.aeT pacnOJIO)KeHHyIO no)]. Hell CTaJIb OT KOpp03IHI. EHMeTaJIJIUqe.
CR:3H npOBOJIOKa BbInycKaeTcH HapY)KHbIM ,nHaMeTpoM OT 1 )1.0 4 MM cO)J,eplKaHHeM Me)1.H He MeHee 50 % nOJIHOM MaCCbI npOBOJIOKH. 3Haqe-
HHe O'p (H3 paCqeTa Ha nOJIHOe CeqeHHe npOBOJIOKH) ,nOJDKHO ObITb He MeHee 550-700 A1TIa, a /j.l!l He oOJIee 2 %. ConpOTHBJIeHHe 1 KM OH-
MeraJIJIHqeCKOH npOBOJIOKH nOCToHHHOMy TOKy (npH 20°C) B saBHCHMOCTH OT ,Ii,H3MeTpa aT 60 (npM 1 MM) ao 4 O:v1/KM. (npH 4 MM).
TaKylO npOBO.TIoKy npHfvTeHHloT ,lJ,JIH lIHHHI1 CBHSH, .HHHHH 3.neKTpo-
nepenatIH H T. n. I13 npOBO,ll,HHKOBOro 6HMeTaJIJIa HSrOTOBJIHIOTCH IlIHHbI
~JIH pacnpe,neJIHTeJIbHWX yCTpoHCTB, nOJIOCW ,nJIH py6HJIbHHKOB H pasRHQHWe TOKOnpOBO)1.Hll~He QaCTH 9JIeKTpHtIeCKHX annapaToB.
3aw.HTHhIe CBOHCTB3 CTaJIH OT H3JlyqeHHH BbICOKOH 3HeprHH ObIJIH npHBe.neHbI Ha pIfC. 5-10.
7-3. CBEPAnpOBOAHJ.1KH H KPHonpOBOAHMKH
CnepxnpOBO}J,"HKH. KaK Y)Ke ynoMHHaJIOCb, npB nOHHllieHHH TeMoepaTypbI y.neJIbHOe conpOTHBJIeHl1e p MeTa.7lJIHQeCKHX npOBo,nHHKOB YMeHbiliaeTCH. I1CKTlfOtIHTeJIbHbIM HHTepec npeJI.CTaBJIHeT Bonpae 06
9JIeKTpOnpOBO,I1.HOCTH MeTaJIJIOB npa BeCbMa HHSKHX (KpHoreHHbIx)
TeMnepaTypax, |
npH6JIHlKalOIlI.HXCfI K a6eo.moTHoMy |
HyJIIO. |
|
|
|
B |
1911 r. |
HH)l.epJIaH,I1.CKHll epHSHK X. KaMep.7lHHr-OHHec, |
nesa- |
||
,lI.OJIro nepeJl TeM (B 1908 r.) BnepBbIe nOJIYQHBlliHH |
i:KH)l.KHH |
relm Ii (re- |
|||
JIMH 6bIJI noc.ne,I1.HHM ra30M, KOTOpbIH,lJ,O Toro ew.e |
He y,I1.aBaJIOCb |
nepe- |
|||
BeCTH B RHfJI.KOe COCTOHHHe), HCCJIe,I1.0BaJI 3JIeKTpOnpOBO,I1.HOCTb MeTaJIJIOB |
|||||
npH |
«reJHfeBbIX» |
TeMnepaTypax (TeMnepaTypa ClKHLKeHHH |
reJIIUI |
np" |
HOpMaJIbHOM JI.aBJIeHHH OKOJIO 4,2 K; eme 60JIee HH3KHe TeMnepaTypbI MoryT 6bITb nOJIYQeHbI npH HcnapeHHH lliH,I1.KOro reJIHH). TIPH 3TOM Ka- MepJIHHr-OHHec CJleJIa.n nopa3HTeJIbHOe OTKpbITHe: OH o6Hapy:lKHJI, qTO np" OXJIaLK)l.eHHH ,I1.0 TeMnepaTypbI, npHMepHo paBHOH TeMnepaType CMH- )1{eHIUI reJIHH, conpOTHBJIeHHe KOJlbua H3 saMopOLKeHHOH pTyTH BHe-
sanHO, peSKHM CKaQKOM naJl.aeT,I1.0 Qpe3BbIQaHHO MaJIOrO, He nOAJl.a- lOllI,erOCH H3MepeHHIO, 3HaQeHHH.
TaKoe HBJIeHHe, ,T. e. HaJIHlJHe y BellJ,eCTBa npaKTHqeCKH 6eCKOHeQHOH y,ne.7JbHOH npOBO,lJ,HMOCTH, 6bIJIO Ha3BaHO C8epxnp080aUMocmblO, TeMnepaTypa T e , npH oXJIa:m,I1.eHHH )1.0 KOTOpoii Bew.ecTBo nepexO,I1.HT B CBepXnpOBOJI.SUuee COCT05IHHe, -
pexoaa, a Bew.ecTBa, nepeXOJl.Hill,He B cBepxnpOBoJUIllJ,He COcToHHHe, -
C6epxnpOBocJHUKaMU.
TIepexoJJ. B cBepxnpoBO)].Hmee COCTOHHHe HBJIHeTCH 06paTHMbIM; npM nOBbIIlleHHH Tel'vInepaTypbIJlO 3HaQeHH5I T c cBepXnpOBO,I1.HMOCTb HapywaeTCH H BemeCTBO nepexojlwr B HopMa.7JbHOe COCTOHHHe C KOnetIHbIM 3HatIeHHE:M y.neJIbHOH npOBOJI.HMOCTH V (pnc. 7-16).
B HaCTOHIII.ee BpeMH H3BeCTHO Y}f(e 35 CBepXnpOBOJI.HHKOBbIX MeTaJIJIOB H 60Jlce TbICHqH CBepXnpOBO,IJ,HHKOBbIX CnJIaBOB II XHMHlJeCKHX coe,rUfHeHuii pa3JIHQHbIX 3JleMeHTOB. B TO )l{e BpeMH MHorHe Bew.eCTBa, B TOM lJMCJIe H TaKHe, 06Jla)l.alOlUHe neCbMa MaJIhIMH SHaqeHMHMH p npM HOpl\laJIb-
Hall |
TervluepaType MeTa.7JJIhI , I{aK cepe6po, Me)l.b, SOJIOTO, nJIaTHHa |
(pnc. |
7-16) H JI.pyrue, npII H3nOOJlee HH3KHX JI.OCTHrHyTblx B HacToHw.ee |
205