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Глава 7. Проводниковые материалы. С.186-229

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TennonpOBOAHOCTH MenH KaK epyHKUIHI TeMnep3TypbI npellCTaBJIeHbI H3 pHe. 7-13. TBep:iYl:O MeJ,b !'IlOTpc67unoT. T3M, r.n.e H:lllO

80 t--

+;-";+-:"""

 

 

 

 

70

~~-+-~ +-~~:::+ +-- --- --

+-:-.-l

 

60

1---'4..-'~:-+------t~I---+--+--:-C:-+---=-+ :::IOoo-j....

50

t---

 

fr-~~~~+

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=-,"'----

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J

 

 

 

Dr y-:

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c

 

M·I< T

Kc·K

800

4DDIt +.,,,.:'-+ + l 4---- --- --- ----

600

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

100

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20[1 L 1JJ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

--"_--

 

'-_........

 

_...

o.-_t~

 

 

-200

0 200 4DD

oJD·C

PRC,

7-12

 

 

PIlC. 7-13

PHC. 7-12. 3aBHCHMOCTU

yne.JIbHOH

npoBoAHMOCTH

"i

MeAn aT co,UepJK3HHSI npHMeceii

 

 

(B % no Macce)

 

 

Y,lI.eJIbHaR npoBo,ll,IlMOCTb

4HCTOii MeAIi

npUHflTa 3a 100 %' fTpHMecIl YKa3<lHbl B03Jle Kr!UlbJ~

PHC. 7-13. 3arnlcHMocTH

YAe..'1bHoi'l TenJIOeMKOCTH

C

II K03eptPUll,UeHTa TCl1v10npO[)(),IJ.-

 

 

HOCTH "iT

MeAu aT Tell.mepaTypbl

199

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ta6JlUl~a 7·3

--,,_._--_.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MeJ1,b

 

 

 

 

 

A.TlIOMHHHI1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

n 8p 811-lC"IP

 

MT

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MM

I

AT

AM

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I

I

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

npe;~e.n npOtIHOCTH npu paCTH-

360-390

 

260-280

 

 

160-170

80

 

)KeHHH ap , MIla, He MeHe2

 

 

 

 

OTHocHTe."IbHoe YJlJIHHeHHe rrepeJJ,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

pa3pbJEOM

111/i, %,

He MeBee

0,5-2,5

 

18-35

 

 

1,5-2,0

11}-18

 

YJJ.eJIbHOe

conpOTllBJIeHHe p,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MKOM'M, He oo.rree

. . . .

0,0179-0,0182

 

0,01754

 

 

0,0295

0.0290

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

06ecne4HTb oco60 BbICOKYlO l'vleXC:lHHqeCKYIO npOQHOCTb, TBep.nOCTb Ii COnpOTHBJIHeMOCTb HCTl1paHIHO (ll.JIH l(OHTaKTHbIX npOBOAOB, 11,JHl llIHH pac~

npe.n.eJIHTeJIbHbIX yCTpOHCTB, AJIH KOJIJIeKTOpHbIX nJIaCTUH 3JIeKTpUtIeCKMX

MalllUH n op .). A151TKYlO MeJlb B BHll.e npOBOJIOK Kpyr.lIoro H npsuloyrOJIb-

Horo CeqeHHH npHMeHHlOT rJIaBHbIM 06pa30:\1 B KaqeCTBe TOKOnpOBOll.HII.J.HX

)f{HJl

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fll: Bam:Ha r1IOKOCTb H nJIac-

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ltO.JDKH3 npY>I{[JHHTb I1pH

H3rH6e), a He npOqHOCTb.

l\le;lb

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H lI,e¢HUHTHbIM MaTepHaJIOM.

n03TOMY OHa .n.OJDKHa paCX01l.0B3TbC51 BeCb\1a 3KOHOMHO. OrXO)1.bl Me)J;H H3 3JIeKTpOTeXHHqeCKHX npeJJ.rrpHHTHHX Heo6xolI.HMO TlU,aTeJIbHO COOM- paTh; BalKHO He CMemHBaTb IlX C .n.pyrHMH MeTaJIJIaMH, a TaKJKe C MeHee tIBCTOH (He 3JIeKTpC)TeXHHQeCKOH) Mell.bfO, qTo6bI MOiKHO ObIJIO 3TH OTXO,D.bl nepefIJIaBHTb H BHOBb HCnOJIb30BaTb B KaqeCTBe 3,J1eKTpOTeXHIIQe-

CKoii Me]J.H. A1eJJ.b KaK npOB01l.HHKOBbIli NUnepaaJl Bce WHpe 3aMeHHercSl

.npyrHMH MeTaJIJIaMI1, B ocooeHHOCTH aJHOMHHHeM.

C n JI a B bI M e 11 H. B OTll.eJIbHhIX CJlyqaHX nOMHMO QHCTOH Me.n.H

B KaqeCTBe npOBOll.HHKOBOro MaTepHaJIa npHMeHHIOTC51 ee cn.naBhI C OJIOBOM, KpeMHHeM, ~OC~OPOM, 6epHJIJIHeM, XpOMOM, MarHueM, Kall.MHeM.

TaKHe CnJIaBbI, HOCHllJ..He Ha3BaHHe 6pOH3, rrpH npaBHJIbHO nO.lI.06paHHOM COCTaBe HMe;oT 3HaQUTeJlbHO GOJIee BbICOKHe MeXaHlIqeCKlIe CBOHCTBa, qeM QHCT3fl MelJ,b: Op 6POH3 MomeT 6bITb 800 -1200 iV\Oa H 60Jlee. fiPOH3bI IllHpOKO npHMeI-HllOT 1I.Jl71 H3fOTOBJIeHHH TOKonpOBOJJ.HIlI.HX rrpy~

/RUH II T. n. BBe.TI,eHHe B MeLl,b KaJt\llHI npu cpaBHHTe,lIbHo Ma.TIOM CHH}{{e-

HHH y.neJIbHOH npOBOIUIMOCTH (CM. pHC. 7-12) 3HaQHTeJlbHO nOBblwaeT MeXaHUtIecKyIO np04:fIOCTb H TBeplJ.O~Tb. Kao.MueeljfO 6POfl3lj npHMeHHloT

JVIH KOHTaKTHblX npoBolWB H KOJIJleKTOpHbIX I1.HaCTHH ocono OTBeTCTBeHBoro Ha3HaQeHHH. Eme 60JIbilieH MeXaHHQeCKOH npOQHOCTbIO o5JIa.n.aeT

6epu/lAueeafl 6pOH3Q (op -lI,O 1350 NIna). Cn,lIaB l'vlelI,H C UHHKOM -

Aarnf/I-lb - o6JIaJl.aeT 1l0CraTOQHO BbICOKHM OTHOCHTe.rlbHbIM yaJIHHeHHeM

nepell pa3pbIBoM npH nOBblweHHOM no cpaBueHmo C 4HCTOH Me.n.blO npenCJle npOQHOCTH npH pacTHllieHHH. 3ro 1laeT JIaTyHH reXHOJIOfHqeCKHe

npeHMyw,ecTBa nepen MeJl.bfO npH o6pa6oTKe UIT3MnoBKoH, rJIy6oKOH: BbITH)KKOH II T. 11. 8 COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM JI3TYHb I1pH:vreHHfOT B 3JleKTpO~

TeXHHKe )J)151 113fOTOBJIeHHH BceB03MOiKHbIX TOKOnpOBD.1J,5HI.\HX ,lJ,eTaJIeii.

200

AJJWMHHHM 5IBJIHeTCH BTOPbIM no 3HaqeHHK) (nOCJIe Me,Uu) npOBO,UHH-

KOBbIM MaTepHaJIOM. 3TO Ba)KHeHlIlHtl npe)1.CTaBHreJIb TaK HaSbIBaeMbIX JJerKHX MeraJIJIOB (T. e. MeTaJIJIOB C n.lIOTHOCTb!O MeBee 5 .Li\1r/M3); nJIOTHOCTb JIHTOrO aJIlOMHHIHI OKOJIO 2,6, a npoKaTaHHoro - 2,7 Mr/M3

TaKHM 06pasoM, aJIIOMHHHH npH6JIHSIITeJIbHO B 3,5 pasa JIerqe Me.ll,H.

TeMnepaTypHbIH K03q>qnUI.HeHT pacillHpeHHH (CM. pHC. 7-9), Y.ll,eJIbHaH Ten~TJ:OeMKOCTb II TenJIOTa nJIaBJIeHHH aJHOMHHIHI 60JIbWe, qeM Me.ll,H.

Bc.TIe,UcTBHe BhICOKHX SHaqeHHH y.rr.eJIbHOH TeUJIOeMKOCT11 11 TeilJIOTbI nJIa-

BJIeHHH .rr.JIfl HarpeBa aJIlOMHHHfl .rr.o TeMnepaTypbI flJlaBJIeHHH 11 nepe-

BOJI,a B paCilJIaBJIeHHOe COCTOHHHe Tpe6yeTcH 60JlbIlIa5I 33TpaTa TenJIOTbI, geM .ll,JIH HarpeBa H paCilJIaBJIeHHH TaKoro Me KOJIHqeCTBa Me,lJ.H, XOTH TeMnepaTypa nJIaBJIeHHH aJIlOMHHHH HH)Ke, lIefv! Me1l,H.

A,J1IOMHHHH o6JIa.ll,aeT flOHIUKeHHbIMH no cpaBHeHHfO C Me,lI,bIO CBOHCTBaMH -- KaK MeXaHHqeCKHMH, TaK H 3JIeKTpHQeCKHMH. Opn OJJ;HH3KoBbrx CeqeHHH H .zJ,JIHHe .3.TJ:eKTpnlIecKoe COI1pOTIIBJIeHHe 3JIFO\HIHHCBoro rrpOBOJl.a

60.J1bWe, lIeM MeJJ,Horo,

B 0,028 : 0,0172 = 1,63 pa3a. C"TJ:e,lI,OB3TeJlbHO,

~

u

tITOObI nOJIYlJHTb aJHOMHHHeBbIH npOBO.ll, T8Koro )f{e .3JleKTpH4ecKoro conpoTHBJleHHH, KaK H Me,lI,HbIl1, HylKHO BSl1Tb etO CeqeHHe B 1,63 pa33 60JlblllHM, T. e. ,lJ,HaMeTp ,lJ.OJDReH 6bITb B V 1,63 ~ 1,3 p333 60JIbLUe )J,naMeTpa Me)I.HOro npoBo.rr.a. OTCfO,lJ,a nOHHTHO, qTO eCJIH orpaHHlIeHbi ra6apHThI, TO saMeHa Me,lJ.H aJIlOMHHHeM 3aTpy.nHeHa. ECJIH Me cpaBHHTb no Macce ,lJ,Ba OTpe3Ka aJIlOMHHHeBoro 11 Me,lI,HOrO npOBO,UOB O,lJ,HOH .rr.JIHHbI H O)J.Horo H Toro Me conpOTHBJleHHH, TO OKa)KeTCH, lITO aJHOMHHHeBbIH flPOBO~

XOT5I Ii TOJIme Me)J.Horo, HO JIepre ero npH6JIH3HTe.rrbHO B )lBa pa3a:

8,9/(2,7·1,63) ~ 2.

rIo3TOMY JVIH H3rOTOB.TJ:eHIUI flpOBO.rr.OB O,lI,HOi'IH TOH me npoBo)J.HMOCTH npH .rr.aHHoii .rr.JIHHe 3JIlOMHHHH BblrO)J.Hee MeJlH B TOM CJ1YlIae, eCJIH TOHHa

3JIIOMHHHH JJ,opOMe TOHHhr MeJU1 He 60JIee lIeM B .ll,Ba pasa. BecbM3 BaMHo, lITO a,HlOMHHHH MeHee .ueeptIIUITeH, qeM Me~'l,b. B HaCTOHmee BpeMH B CCCP

a.mOMHHHif He TOJIbKO 33MeHHJJ Me)J,b B B03,Ll,YWHbIX JJHHHHX 3.neKTponepe-

,naqn, HO H BHe,lI,p5IeTCH B rrpOH3BOJJ;CTBO H30JIHpOBaHHbIX Ka6eJlbHblX U3-

~eJIHtl.

nJIH 3.TIeKTpOTeXHHlIeCKHX HeJIeH HCnOJIb3YlOT aJIIOMHHHH, CO}].epLKa- I.JJ,HH He 60JIee 0,5 % npmvleceH, MapKH AI. Eme 60JIee lInCThIH aJIIOMHHHH MapKH ABOO (He 60JIee 0,03 % npHMeceif) npHMeuHIOT IVIH HSrOTOBJIeHJUI aJIIOMIIHHeBoll epOJIbrH, .3JIeKTpo)J.oB II KopnycoB OKCUiJHblx KOfliJcflcamo- p08. AJIiOMHHHfI HaIIBblcillell qHCTOTbI ABOOOO HMeeT cOJl.ep)f{aHHe npuMecei%, He npeBblillafOmee 0,004 %. PasHble npHMecH B pa3JIIItIHoB CTeneHH CHH)J{alOT y.rr.eJIbHYIO npoBo)J.HMOCTb y aJIfO?v1HHHH. llo6aBKI1 Ni, Si,

Zn IIJ1H Fe npM Co.rr.epiKaHHH IIX 0,5 % CHHMalOT y OTOROKeHHoro aJIlOMHHHH He 60JIee qeM Ha 2 -3 %. bOJlee 3aMeTHoe AeHcTBHe OKaSbIBalOT npHMecH Cu, Ag H l\1g, rrpH TOM )Ke MaCCOBOM cO)J.ep)J(aHIHI CHl<DKal0UVle y

aJIIOr.H1HHH Ha 5-10 %. OqeHb CH.TlhHO CHHlKaTOT Y a.!JfOT\lHH!HI JJ.o6aBKlf

Ti u Mn.

IlpoK3TKa, npoTHMKa 11 OTMHr a.rUOMHHIHI ana.JIOrHqHbI cooTBeTcTBylOmHM onepaUH5IM na,n; Me,lI,blO. vb 3JIIOMHHIUI MO::KeT npOKaTbIBaTbCH TOHI<3H (.rr.o 6-7 MKM) <!JOJIbra, npMMeHfleMaH B KaqeCTBe 3JIeKTpo)J.oB 6yMaJKHbIX M nJIeHOtIHbIX KOH,lJ,eHC3TopOB. CBoHcTBa TBep,lJ.OH M MHrKoH

201

1Vlg2 Si
l\1g2Si,
§ 7-3.

(OTOJKH<eHHoii) 3JllOMHHHeBOH npOBOJIOKH J1.aHbI B TaOJi. 7-3. 3allI,HTHbIe

(GT HOHH3upYIOmeHpa.LI.HaUIHf) CBoHcTBa aJHOMI1Hl1fI 6hI.HH npUBeJl.eHbI

Ha {HiC. 5-10.

AJIIOMHHHH BeCbMa aKTHBHO OKHCJIHeTCH If nOKphIBaeTcH TOHKOM 01{-

CHJl.HOI1 nJIeHKOH C 60JIbWHM 3.neKTpHQeCKHM conpOTHBJIeHHeM (CM.

§ 6-20). 3Ta nJIeHKa npeJl.OxpaHHeT alIlOMHHl1l1 OT Jl.aJIbHeHWeH KOpp03lfH,

HO C03LI.aeT 6oJIblllOe nepexOlf,HOe conpOTHBJleHHe B MeCTax KOHTaKTa 3.,1IOMHHHeBhlX npOBOlf,OB H )l.eJIaeT HeB03MO;KHOfi naHKy aJIIOMHHHH 06bltIHblMH MeTO.LI.aMH. ,llJIH naHKH aJIlOMHHHH npHMeH5iIOTCH CneUHaJIbHble nacTbI-nplinoH H.,lH Hcno.nh3YIOTCH YJIbTpa3BYKoBble naHJIbHHKH. B Mecrax KOHTaKTa 3JIlOMHHHH II MeJl.11 B03MO)KHa ra.TJbBaHHLJ:eCK3H KOpp03HH. ECJIH 06JIaCTb KOHTaKT3 nO.LI.BepraeTcH JI.el'1cTBHIO B~1arH, TO B03HHKaer MeCTHa51 raJIbB3HHLJ:eCKaH napa C JI,OBOJIbHO BbICOKHM 3HaqeHHeM 3Ile, npHQeM nOJI51pHOCTb 3T0l1 napbl TaKOBa, QTO Ha BHeWHeu nOBepXHOCTH KOHTaKTa TOK H.LteT OT aJIIOMHHIHJ K MeJl.H H aJIIOMHHHeBhIH npOBOJl.HHK MO)KeT 6hITh CHJIbHO pa3pyweH Kopp03ueA. D03TOMY MeCTa COe,llHHeHIHI Me,lI,HbIX npOBOjI,HHKOB C aJUOMHHHeSbIMH .lI.OJDKHbI TmareJIbHO 3amHmaTbCR OT ySJIa.JKHeHHH (nOKpbITHeM JIaKaMH If TOMy nO.l106HblMH cnac06alVHi).

IIHorJl.a, Hanp HMep .llJI51 3aMeHbI CBIIHua B 3alll,HTHbIX Ka6eJIhHhIX 060JI07.fE3X, HCnOJIb3yeTcH aJIIOMHI-HIH C COAep)KaHHe:VI npl1l'¥leCel1 He 60JIee

0,01 % (BMecTo 0,5 % lVI51 06bI4:HOrO npOB01l.HHKOBOro a.nIOMMHH5I). TaKoH oc060 llHCTbIH 3JIIOMHHHH cpaBHHTeJlbHO C 06bIQHbIM 6o.nee M51rOK H nJIaCTMlJeH H npHToM 06JI3ll,aeT nOBbIweHHOH CTofiKOCTblO no OTHomeHMlO K KOpp03IIH. CpaBHeHl1e Al C Cu npM KplIOreHHbIX TeMnepaTypax )laHO B

A JI 10 M H H H e B bI e C n JI a B bI OOJIalI.alOT

nOBbIllleHHOH Mexa-

HHQeCKOH npOt.lHOCTbIO. flpHMepoM TaKoro CnJIaBa

HB.TIHeTCH QJlbapeli,

co.uepmaIllHH 0,3-0,5 % l\'\g, 0,4-0,7 % Si Ii 0,2--0,3 % Fe (oCTaJIhHoe AI). BbICOKl1e MeXaHHlJeCKHe cBoikTBa aJIb,llpeH npHo6peTaeT nOCJIe OC060H o6pa60TKH (3aKaJIKH K3TaHKH-OXJla}K)l.eHHe B Bo,n,e npH TeMnepaType 510-550 °C, BOJlOQeHHe H nOCJIeJI,ylOIlI,aH BbI)l,ep)KKa npH TeMnepaType OKOJIO 150°C). B 8JIbll,pee o6pa3yeTcH COe1l.HHeHHe KOTO-

poe coo6uLaeT BblCOKHe MeX3HHQeCKHe CBolfcTBa CnJIaBy; npM YKa3aHHoH

Bblme TenJIOBOH o6paGoTKe 1l0CTHraeTCH BbIJ1,eJIeHHe 113 TBep.n.oro

paCTBopa II nepeBO,Ll ero B TOHKO)J,HcnepCHoe COCTOHHHe. AJIbnpeH B BHlle

npOBO.r.rOKH

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2,7 i\'lr/M 3 ,

era up =

350 /V1Da, !11/1=

= 6,5

%;

a, = 23.10- 6 K-l,

P = 0,0317

MKOM ·l\1,

a p

= 0,0036 }\.-1.

TaKHM

06pa30M, 3JIb)-'1.PeH, npaKTHlJeCKII

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11 6YAYQH

nOBOJIbHO 6JIH3KHM

K HeMy

no ynellbHOH

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B TO .fKe BpeMH no MexaHHLIecKoli npOLIHOCTH npH6JIH)KaeTC51 K TBepno- 1'HHyTOHMCll,H. B H3CTOHlUee speMH pa3pa60TaHhI aJIIOMHHHeBble CnJI3BbI

THlla

aJIh,l.\peH, He Tpe6ylOUI,He

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C

T a JI e a JI 10 M 11 H IJ e B bI if n p 0

B 0 }l, WHpOKO npHMeHHeMbIl'f

B

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113

CTa.,lbHbIX }Kl1l1 H 06BHThIH

cHapy}KoH

aJIIOMHHHeBOH npOBOJIOKOfI.

B npOBOll,aX TaKoro Tilna MexaHHLIeCKa51 npOlJHOCTb onpeneJIHeTCH fJIaBHblM 06pa30M CTa~1JbHbIMCepllellHHKOM, a 3JIeKTpWleCl(aH npOBO,lJ,HMOCTb - 3JIIOMHHHeM. ~.rBeJHIQeHHbli1 I-Wpy}KHblti ll.Ha~'leTp craJIeaJIIOMHHHeBoro

202

 

 

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I

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

\/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

i

 

f

300

0,6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.-1

 

 

 

~

 

 

 

 

 

 

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200

Of'

 

 

1\

 

 

 

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K3

 

 

 

 

I°T2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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°5

10

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25,111M

 

 

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! !

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

/dJM·M

P

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