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- •Наталия николаевна раевская
- •Предисловие
- •Передмова
- •5 Foreword
- •Table of contents
- •Introduction
- •Part I. Morphology
- •9 Part II. Syntax
- •Introduction
- •Early prescriptive grammar
- •Interrogators:
- •Problems of field structure
- •Functional re-evaluation of grammatical forms in context potential polysemy in grammar
- •Grammatical doublets
- •Part I. Morphology Chapter I the subject matter of morphology
- •Chapter II parts of speech problem of classification
- •Chapter hi the noun
- •83 The article
- •Revision Material
- •Chapter IV the adjective
- •Substantivation of adjectives
- •Revision Material
- •Chapter V the verb
- •Modal verbs
- •In the English Voice System
- •Substitutes for Passive
- •Chapter VI english verb-forms and their pattern-value
- •138 The Present Tense
- •I. Indicative Modality
- •II. Imperative Modality You go and see him.
- •The past tense
- •The past continuous (progressive) tense
- •Chapter VII the pronoun
- •163 Chapter VIII the adverb
- •Category of state
- •First Form of the Predicate
- •Third Form of the Predicate
- •Fourth Form of the Predicate
- •1 Ask you this question. Fifth Form of the Predicate
- •I like music. I'm fond of music.
- •I regret it. I'm sorry about it.
- •Chapter X the simple sentence the principal parts of the sentence
- •The secondary parts of the sentence
- •The Attribute
- •The Object
- •Verb-phrases with Prepositionless Object
- •Adverbial Adjuncts
- •One-member sentences
- •Infinitival sentences
- •Ellipsis
- •Verbless two-member sentences
- •Substitution and representation
- •Intensity and emphasis in english sentence-structure
- •Idiomatic sentences
- •Constructional homonymity
- •Chapter XI phrase-structure
- •Subordinate phrases
- •Noun-Adjunct Groups
- •Verb-Phrases
- •Copulative verbs
- •Infinitival, Gerundial and Participial Phrases
- •Participial Predicative Phrases
- •Coordinate phrases
- •Syndetic Coordinate Phrases
- •Asyndetic Coordinate Phrases
- •251І Chapter XII the composite sentence
- •Coordination
- •Subordination
- •Subject and Predicate Clauses
- •Object Clauses
- •Attributive Clauses
- •Clauses of Cause
- •Clauses of Place
- •Temporal Clauses
- •Clauses of Condition
- •Clauses of Manner and Comparison
- •Overlapping relationships and synsemantics in hypotaxis
- •Transpositions and functional re-evaluation of syntactic structures
- •Problems of Implicit Predication
- •Final remarks on subordination
- •Asyndeton
- •Represented speech
- •Nominality in english sentence-structure
- •Grammar and style
- •Index of grammatical points treated
Index of grammatical points treated
Absolute comparative, 91, 92
Absolute superlative, 91, 92
Absolute synonyms, 53
Abstract nouns, 4, 74, 94
Active voice, 118, 119
Actual division of the sentence, 199—
208 Adjective:
base, 89, 90
derived, 89, 90
place of adjectives, 190, 237
qualitative, 89
relative, 89 Adverb, morphemic structure, 164, 165
separable adverbs, 165 Adverbial use of nouns, 77, 78 Adverbial adjuncts, 194, 195 Adverbial clauses:
of cause, 267,
of concession, 274—277
of condition, 270—273
of manner and comparison, 277,
278
of place, 268
of purpose, 214
of result, 273, 274
of time, 269, 270 Ambiguity, 40, 41, 45, 47, 50, 68, 152,
153, 190, 195, 228—233, 237, 287 Allomorph, 60 Analytical forms, 64 Anaphoric to, 219 Archaic forms, 55, 160, 293 Article, 84—88
contrasting use of the article, 86
definiteness — indefiniteness, 84,
85
generalisation — concretisation, 84,
85
stylistic functions of the article,
86, 87
the use of the article in substantivation, 96—98 Aspect:
actions of single occurrence, 134—
136,
common ~ progressive, 130
ingression (inchoative aspect), 130,
132
repeated actions, 132—134
Asymmetry, 46, 180, 221
Asyndeton, 252, 283—285
Attribute, 189—190
Attributive bond, 189
Attributive clauses
continuative, 265, 266 restrictive, 265, 266 synonymic alternatives of attributive clauses, 266—277
Back-formation, 103 Be:
auxiliary, 106
copulative, 106
representative, 106, 217—220
Can and could, 114, 115
Case, 78—83
Category of state, 166
Causative, 131, 153
Cognate object, 193, 194
Cohesion, 287, 290
Colloquial English, 87, 296
Communicative unit, 169, 170
Comparative 'elatives', 92
Comparison, 90—95
Completive bond, 189
Complex sentence, 253
Composite sentence, 252—257
Compound predicate, 186
Compound sentence, 253
Compression by nominalisation, 289—
291, 265, 267, 270, 272, 274 Concord, 176 Conjunctive adverbs, 260 Connotation, 47, 51, 53, 115, 292, 295 Consituation, 49, 127, 160—163, 172 Contact clauses, 252 Context, significance in judging, 37—
42, 91, 184, 287
Context-sensitive, 32, 195, 272, 273, 287 Conversion, 68, 69 Covert grammar, 80 Current relevance, 150
299
Deep sense-structure, 32, 273
Denotation, 37—42, 45, 47
Direct object, 190—194
Discourse analysis, see Text-linguistics
Distribution, 29, 69
Do:
auxiliary verb, 248
emphatic auxiliary, 106, 107, 248
half-auxiliary verb, 105—106 notional verb, 248
semi-auxiliary, 247
substitute, 217—220 Doublets, 55, 58 Durative aspect, see Aspect
Ellipsis, 212
Emphasis, 49—52, 96—98, 117, 220—
225
Emphatic verb-forms, 106, 107 Expressivity:
adherent, 291—298
inherent, 291—298
Factitive object, see Cognate object
Field structure, 42—45
Finitude — non-finitude, 99, 100
Form-word, see Function-word
Formal English, 87
Free morpheme, 61
Foreign plural, 76, 77
Free indirect speech, see Represented
speech
Function-word, 31, 62, 69, 71, 105
Futurity, 154—159
Functional re-evaluation of grammatical forms, 45
Functional sentence perspective,
see Actual division of the sentence
Generative grammar, 34 Get-passive, 119, 125 Go, verb-intensifier, 106, 107, 223 Going to-future, 157, 158 Gradable meaning, 91 Grammeme, 61 Grammatical category, 61 Grammatical colligation (collocation), 234—249
Habitual action, 138 Half-auxiliary verbs, 130—134 Head-word, 234—236 Historic present, 141 Homonymy,
constructional, 228—233
300
inflectional, 68 interparadigmatic, 68 Hypotaxis, 252—280
Idiom, grammatical, 81, 118, 121, 132,
158
Idiomatic sentences, 225—228 Idiosyncrasy, 286, 294, 201 Immediate constituent (IC's analysis),
29, 187, 188, 189 Imperative mood, 108, 109 Imperative modality, 108, 109 Imperative sentences, 270—273 Implicit predication, 281, 282 Implied plurality, 72, 78 Included clause, 254 Included sentence, 254 Incongruity, 228—233 Indefinite subject, 184 Inflection, 31, 63, 101, 102 Informal English, 291—298 Inner object, see Cognate object Intensity, 90, 92, 220, 291—298 Intonation, 31, 291 Intransitive verbs, 190, 193 Introductory subject, see Subject Inversion, 110, 195, 198 It:
anticipatory, 185
it is..., it was..., see actual division
of the sentence Iterative aspect, see Aspect
Kernel sentence, 33
Lexical collocation, 174 Lexico-grammatical periphrasis, 181, 182
Major syntax, 170 Minor syntax, 170 Modal verbs:
primary functions, 111 — 118
secondary functions, 111—118 Modality, 11—114, 172, 173, 186, 291 —
298 Mood, 107—111
mechanistic analysis, 187
mentalistic analysis, 187 Modification, 65 Morphology:
paradigmatics, 60
subject-matter of morphology, 60
syntagmatics, 60 Must, 112, 113
primary functions, 112, 113
secondary functions, 112, 113
Nexus of deprecation, 18, 40, 181
Notional verbs, 105
Non-emphatic — emphatic, 106
Non-grammatical, 220
Non-past tense, 138
Non-progressive, 101
Non-perfective, 149, 150
Nominal predicate, 186
Nominality:
infinitival nominal, 262—274 gerundive nominal, 262—274 participial nominal, 265—274
Noun:
noun-determiner, 70 noun-phrase, 236 noun-adjunct groups, 237 adverbial use of nouns, 77, 78
Not, 48, 217
Number, 44, 72
Object, 190
object complements, 190
objective case, see Case
object relationship, 194
of-phrase, 82, 83 One:
general, 44, 184
substitute, 217
One-member sentences, 208—211 One-word sentences, 171 Oppositional relations, 61
binary opposition, 27, 61, 172, 173
trinomic opposition, 61
polynomic opposition, 61 Overt grammar, 80
Paradigmatics, 60, 175
derivational paradigm, 174 morphological paradigm, 174 sentence-paradigm, 175—182
Parataxis, 253
Parcelling in sentence-structure, 197, 198
Parts of speech, 70
Passive, see Active — Passive, 118, 119
Passive auxiliary, 246
Perfective, 101
Periphrastic form, 53
Phase, 155
Phrase, 234—249
definition, 234—236 endocentric, 234 exocentric, 234
Phrasal verbs, 108, 125—128, 130—136
Plurality, see Field structure
Polysemy:
potential polysemy, 45, 46 synchronic polysemy, 46
Possessive case, 78, 83 Predicate,
types of predicate, 186 Predication, Predicative bond, 189 Predicative clauses, 262 Preposed modifiers, 236 Prescriptive (pre-normative)
grammar, 11, 12
Present tense:
exclusive present, 138, 139
imperative modality, 139
inclusive present, 137 neutral present, 138, 139
perfective use, 141 Priority, 150 Privative opposition, see Binary
opposition Progressive (continuous) tenses:
denotative meaning, 142
imperative modality, 145
implication of futurity, 145
qualitative meaning, 144
repetitive meaning, 144 Pronouns:
personal pronouns, 160
stylistic transposition of
personal pronouns, 160—163 Prosody, 31, 222, 240, 291
Qualitative genitive, 80 Qualitative meaning, 189, 190, 224, 225
Representation, 217—220 Represented speech, 285—286 Rheme, 172 Rhetorical questions, 221, 222
Scientific grammar, 13 Secondary parts of the sentence, 189 Segmentation, 198, 199 Semi-auxiliary verbs, 248 Sentence-order, 254 Sentence-substitute, 219—220 Separable verbs, 103—105 Sentence-structure, 169 Shall and should, 116—118
So, anaphoric, 219—220
Specialisation, 84
Structural Ambiguity, see Ambiguity
Structural grammar, 23—34
Stress, 40, 41, 85
Style, 87
problems of style in grammar, 87,
94, 95, 97, 98 Sub-clause, See Subordination
301
Subject, definition:
the definite subject — the indefinite subject, 184
introductory subject, 185 Subjunctive, 107, 108, 110 Subordination, 261—282 Substitution, 217—220 Substantivation of adjectives, 96—98 Substitutes for passive, 125—130 Superlative, 90 Suppletive form, 63 Supra-phrasal unity, 199, 200 Surface structure, 32, 283, 287 Syndetic, 252 Synonymy:
paradigmatic synonyms, 47, 52—55
relative synonyms, 53, 54
synonyms by function in speech,
47, 52—55, 154
stylistic synonyms, 53, 54 Synsemantics, 71 Syntagmatics, 60, 175 Syntax:
syntactic categories, 193, 194
syntactic content, 193, 194
syntactic forms, 193, 194, 195
syntactic functions, 175
syntactic hierarchy, 175 Syntactic mood, 172 Synthetic forms, 63, 64
Taxonomic classes of words, 67
Theme, 172
Textlinguistics, 199
Tense, 137—159
Transformational grammar. 33
Transform, 33, 34, 192, 193
Transitivity, 190—194
Transposition of grammatical forms, 45—49, 280, 281 regular, 48, 49 stylistic, 48, 49
Two-member (two-nucleus) sentences, 184
Used to, 133
Utterance, 171
Verbal predicate, 186
Verb forms, 99—101
Verb phrases, 130—136, 242—244
Verbless sentences, 185, 186, 214—217
Variant forms, see Doublets
Voice, see Active — passive
Word-order, 195, 196
Will/would, 118, 227
Wish-sentences, 280, 281
With-phrase, 287
Zero article, 84
Zero (grammatical) inflection, 31
Zero-derivative nouns, 135
RECOMMENDED LITERATURE
Suggestions will be made here for further learning, so that the student can follow up various lines of thought suggested in the book. The reference list given below will include not only some advanced books devoted to teaching English grammar, but also, detailed monographs and work-papers on specialised topics which will interest the student.
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Аналитические конструкции в языках различных типов. М., 1965.
Апресян А. Д. Идеи и методы современной лингвистики. М., 1966.
Арнольд И. В. Стилистика современного английского языка. М., 1973.
Ахманова О. С, Мельчук И. А., Падучева Е. В., Ф р у м к и-н а Р. М. О точных методах исследования языка. М., 1961.
Ахманова О. С. К вопросу о словосочетании в современном английском языке. «Известия Академии наук СССР. Отделение литературы и языка», т. 9, вып. 6, 1950.
Ахманова О. С. О роли служебных слов в словосочетании. В кн.: «Доклады и сообщения» (Институт языкознания Академии наук СССР). Вып. 2. М., 1952.
Ахманова О. С, Микаэлян Г. Б. Современные синтаксические теории. М., 1963.
Бархударов Л. С. Структура простого предложения современного английского языка. М., 1966.
Бархударов Л. С, Штелинг Д. А. Грамматика английского языка. М., 1973.
Виноградов В. В. Основные принципы синтаксиса. В кн.: «Грамматика русского языка». Известия АН СССР, ОЛЯ, т. 13, вып. 6, 1954.
Воронцова Г. И. Очерки по грамматике английского языка. М., i960. Грамматика современного русского литературного языка. М., 1970.
Жигадло В. Н., Иванова И.П., Иофик Л. Л. Современный английский язык. М., 1956.
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И о ф и к Л. Л. Сложное предложение в ново-английском языке. Л., 1968.
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Методологічні питання мовознавства. Збірник Академії наук УРСР і Київського держуніверситету, 1966.
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