Учебно-методическое пособие НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА по английскому языку. 2 курс

forgive, thank, а также после предлогов: on (upon), after, without предшест-

вующее действие может быть передано формой Indefinite Gerund.

Как показано в таблице, герундий имеет формы Активного и Пассивного за-

логов. После глаголов to want, to need, to deserve, to require, а также выражения to be worth используется форма Active Indefinite Gerund, хотя пере-

дается пассивное значение. This book is worth reading.

Эта книга стоит того, чтобы ее прочитали.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ГЕРУНДИЯ/ THE USE OF THE GERUND/

В современном английском языке герундий всегда используется после следующих глаголов и выражений:

NB: Есть несколько глаголов, после которых может употребляться как герундий, так и that clause (придаточное дополнительное предложение, которое начинается с союза that)

После ряда указанных глаголов и выражений, а именно: to be afraid, to begin, to continue, to forget, to hate, to like (to dislike), to prefer, to remember, to start, to stop возможно употребление как герундия, так и инфинитива.

She continued to look at me. She continued looking at me.

При этом, может быть разница в значении. Так, герундий используется для констатации общего факта – I don’t like interrupting people. Я не люблю прерывать людей (вообще).

А инфинитив используется для передачи конкретного действия: I don’t like to interrupt him, he seems very busy. Мне не хочется прерывать его (сей-

час), кажется, он очень занят.

На русский язык герундий может переводиться разными способами:

При этом надо отметить, что пассивные формы герундия практически всегда переводятся придаточным предложением.

After having been informed of the conference, he immediately decided to participate in it.

После того, как ему сообщили о конференции, он сразу же решил принять в ней участие.

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NB ! В связи с тем, что формы герундия практически совпадают с формами причастия, возникает вопрос, как отличить причастие от герун-

дия? В большинстве случаев это не составляет труда, при этом надо помнить, что в отличие от причастия, перед герундием может быть предлог, герундий может определяться существительным в притяжательном падеже (Possessive Case)или притяжательным местоимением. Кроме этого, герун-

дий в отличие от причастия может выступать в функции подлежащего, дополнения и именной части сказуемого.

Сложность разграничения герундия и причастия может возникнуть при употреблении причастия в функции определения к существительному и герундия как части сложного существительного, например, a dancing child – a dancing hall. При этом следует иметь в виду, что в случае причастия в качестве определения к существительному, это существительное обозначает субъект/объект, совершающий действие a dancing girl. Если же мы имеем герундий в качестве части сложного существительного, то это существительное не обозначает субъект /объект, совершающий действие: a dancing hall (a hall for dancing); writing table (table for writing); walking shoes (shoes for walking).

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.

1. Does your work involve meeting a lot of people? 2. I considered taking the job in the veterinary clinic but in the end I decided against it. 3. Tom left without finishing his work. 4. Do you think this book is worth reading? 5. My job is treating animals. 6. I don’t enjoy writing essays. 7. Rector thanked everyone for taking part in the conference. 8. Could you, please, stop making such noise? 9. I don’t feel like watching TV. 10. I insist on your participating in the project. 10. He talked without stopping. 11. Have you finished writing? 12. Thank you for coming. 13. He was fond of reading. 14. It looks like raining. 15. This article is worth discussing.

Exercise 2. Supply the Gerund forms for the words in brackets.

1. My supervisor insisted on (to check) the results of the experiment. 2. He didn’t object to (to examine). 3. She left without (to finish) the discussion. 4. Don’t forget to lock the door before (to go) to bed. 5. I think I’m capable of (to do) this work on my own. 6. She is busy (to do) her homework. 7. I’m still hungry in spite of (to eat) four sandwiches. 8. Please go on (to write), I don’t mind (to wait).

Exercise 3. Define the –ing-form as the Gerund or the Participle

1. She left the room without saying a word.2. We had the pleasure of listening to your lecture. 3. John likes studying biology.4. You can learn the meaning of new words by looking them up in the dictionary. 5. Returning home after a good holiday is always pleasant. 6. Being frightened by the dog, the cat climbed up the high fence.

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7. My greatest pleasure is travelling. 8. Watching the playing kittens was fun. 9. Growing roses takes a lot of care and attention. 10. I don’t feel like reading.

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Gerund.

1.Different ways of grouping patients are suitable for solving various problems.

2.How can I avoid getting heart disease?

3.Healthy eating doesn’t mean eating less of everything. Eating well means eating less fat.

4.Try drinking your tea or coffee without sugar.

5.On examining the animal the surgeon decided to perform the operation.

6.On being told the bad news she turned pale.

7.My friend succeeded in translating this difficult text.

Exercise 5. Finish the sentences, using the Gerund according to the model.

Model: I know the way (to do it). I know the way of doing it.

1.He never thought of … (to become a surgeon).

2.The doctor insisted on … (to double the dose).

3.Who is responsible for … (to feed the animals)?

4.She recognizes the importance of … (to check the data).

5.They think it is a possible way of …(to save the animal).

6.He succeeded in … (to pass the exam).

7.I don’t like the habit of … (to come late).

8.Let us talk. You are tired of …(to read).

Exercise 6. Translate the following sentences. Find the Gerund.

1.To avoid spreading viruses to family members, you should stay in your room.

2.Feeding animals a low phosphorate diet reduces responsiveness to this medicine.

3.We succeeded in eliminating this infection.

5.A more sophisticated model involves the cat’s pressing a lever (рычаг) and receiving a bolus (комочек) of drug-containing substance.

6.After being corrected by the teacher, the students’ papers were returned to them.

Exercise 7. Replace “that-clause” by the Gerund. Use the preposition where necessary.

Model: She thought that she would go the country for the week-end.

She thought of going to the country for the week-end.

1.The physician remembered that he had treated such a case of bronchitis.

2.I thought that I would work in the library this evening.

3.I suggest that we should make this presentation together.

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4.They gave up the idea that they would make a discovery.

5.I thought that I would come and see you tomorrow.

Exercise 8. Open the brackets using the active or the passive form of the Gerund. Translate the sentences. Point out the difference in the translation of active and passive forms.

Model: He likes reading. Он любит читать.

He likes being read to. Он любит, когда ему читают.

1. Why do you avoid (to speak) to me? 2. She tried to avoid (to speak) to. 3. The doctor insisted on (to send) the sick man to the hospital. 4. The child insisted on (to send) home. 5. Do you mind his (to examine) by a heart specialist? 6. Do you mind my (to examine) the patient? 7. He had a bad habit of (to interrupt) other people. 8. I was angry at (to interrupt) every other moment.

Exercise 9. Replace a clause in bold type by the Gerund. Use the appropriate prepositions where necessary.

1.Do you mind if I open the window?

2.My teacher insisted that I should attend classes regularly.

3.I remember that I have seen this book somewhere.

4.Thank you that you did it.

5.Will you object if I close the door?

Exercise 10. Replace a clause in bold type by the Gerund. Use the appropriate prepositions where necessary.

Model: When he left school, he entered the Veterinary Academy. After leaving school, he entered the Veterinary Academy.

1. When he graduated from Harvard University, he returned to Russia. 2. The patient felt much better after he had been given a proper treatment. 3. The students were afraid that they would be late for the class. 4. Before I left the classroom, I was approached by a student who asked me to help him. 5. The new medicine may be recommended only after it is approved by the Ministry for Healthcare. 6. My mother insisted that I should enter the Academy of Veterinary Medicine.

Exercise 11. Choose the appropriate form of the Gerund from those given in the brackets. Translate the sentences.

1. The results of the treatment of the patient depend on his … in time.

Exercise 12. Define the ing-form as the Gerund or the Participle.

1. We all listened to the speaker criticizing the new method. 2. Criticizing the work of our laboratory, he said that it was unsatisfactory. 3. I have no objection to your criticizing me. 4. When we entered the classroom we saw our students writing a test. 5. Do you mind my using your pen? 6. She could retell the English story she had read without looking into the book. 7. When writing a book he discovered many interesting facts. 8. They ran home quickly protecting themselves from the rain by walking under the trees. 9. He stopped writing and looked around. 10. Playing volleyball is a very popular sport.

Предикативные Конструкции с Герундием/ Predicative Constructions with the Gerund

Подобно другим неличным формам глагола герундий образует свои предикативные конструкции, т.е. такие конструкции, в которых глагольный элемент, представленный герундием, находится в предикативных отношениях с существительным или местоимением, не являющимися подлежащими, но называющих те субъекты/объекты, которые производят действие.

We appreciate your helping us.

Мы ценим то, что вы помогаете нам.

В данном примере герундий helping находится в предикативных отношениях с местоимением your, которое обозначает субъекта, производящего действие, выраженное герундием.

Если субстантивный элемент обозначает одушевленный предмет, то он может быть представлен:

1.Существительным в притяжательном падеже (Possessive Case) или притяжательным местоимением:

Our talk was interrupted by Richard’s coming back.

Do you mind my smoking?

2.Существительным в общем падеже:

I object to Mary going out on such a windy day.

Если субстантивный элемент обозначает неодушевленный предмет, то он может быть представлен:

1.Существительным в общем падеже:

Her thoughts were interrupted by the door opening gently.

2. Местоимением в притяжательном падеже:

She spoke of my room and of its being ready for me.

Exercise 13. Find the Gerundial Constructions. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.

1. We appreciate John’s helping us. 2. I can’t imagine my mother approving it. 3. I can’t excuse her not answering our invitation. 3. The teacher insisted on students’ writing their corrections carefully. 4. She didn’t object to his keeping a book a day longer. 5. After his looking through the papers they were given to

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Rector. 6. His being sent to the Congress of Anatomists was good to him. 7. Do you mind my asking you a difficult question?

Exercise 14. Match the parts of sentences in A and B columns.

Exercise 15. Translate from Russian into English using the Gerund.

1. Перестаньте разговаривать. 2. Мы закончили работать над этой проблемой. 3. Я думаю над тем, чтобы провести летние каникулы на ферме. 4. Вы не возражаете, если я буду участвовать в конференции? 5. Она боялась разговаривать с ректором. 6. Я настаиваю на том, чтобы спросить его совета. 7. Я не одобряю того, что вы тратите так много времени понапрасну (waste time). 8. Благодарю вас, что вы пришли вовремя. 9. Мы оставили мысль, ко- гда-нибудь увидеть его. 10. Я не могу не думать об этом все время.

Exercise 16. Define forms of the Gerund. Find the Gerundial Constructions, if any.

1. After having been told the results of the X-ray examination the physician wrote them down in the patient’s case history. 2. I don’t like being read to, I prefer reading myself. 3. The patient was thankful to the doctor for his having been so attentive. 4. No physician can make a proper diagnosis without having examined the patient. 5. The initial diagnosis must be made before the patient’s being directed to the in-patient department. 6. In spite of his not having any university education Faraday made his great discoveries.

Exercise 17. Read the text. Find the ing-forms, define them.

Success for the majority of students depends not only on achieving good results in exams, but on everyday work as well. But what is the key to achieving success?

A lot of books offer a new approach to efficient study. Without minimizing the importance of good organization and hard work the researchers stress that study must and can be fun.

The books provide useful advice on writing, speed reading and taking notes. They offer numerous suggestions and techniques which enable students making maximum use of their time.

It is well-known that on any first reading your chances of digesting more than 40% are slight. But any advanced course demands a lot of reading – be it Science, Humanities, or even practical courses, speed reading making it more enjoyable and satisfying.

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Instead of reading every word as a separate entity, try to read them as sets of words. Such reading increases your speed fivefold at least. Thus you will get the point of the author’s writing much more quickly. Speedier reading is within everybody’s capabilities, so is speedier understanding. And for any reader, let alone a serious one, this is always a chief goal.

Exercise 18. Translate from Russian into English using the Gerund.

1. Он оставил мысль поехать на конференцию. 2. Мне не хочется спать. 3.Я одобряю вашу упорную работу. 4. Продолжайте обсуждать этот вопрос. 5. Я настаиваю на то, чтобы позвонить ему. 6. Вы не возражаете, если я приду позже? 7. Мамавозражает, чтояработаюдопоздна. 8. Этукнигустоитпрочитать.

Герундий и отглагольное существительное/ The gerund and the verbal noun

Герундий следует отличать не только от причастия, но и от отглагольного существительного, которое также имеет суффикс –ing. Главные отличия герундия от отглагольного существительного заключаются в следующем:

Exercise 19. Find the sentences in which the ing-form is a) a gerund b) a verbal noun.

1. You should think before speaking. 2. After finding the new word in the dictionary, I wrote it down and went on reading. 3. What do you mean by saying that?

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4. We are interested in the strengthening of our positions. 5. The students found the reading of English newspapers rather difficult at first. 6. Instead of going home after the Academy, the girls went for a walk. 7. Chalk is used for writing on the blackboard. 8. The cleaning of the room was done by the girls. 9. I was awakened by their loud talking. 10. We were shocked by the crying of the baby.

Exercise 20. Define the –ing form. Translate the sentences.

1. The reading man is my friend. 2. After reading I began to write a letter. 3. His favorite occupation is reading. 4. I like the idea of reading a book. 5. Reading a book I didn’t hear when she came in. 6. Reading is useful. 7 His reading rapidly is not always understandable. 8. A good reading is always understandable. 9. We can’t get knowledge without reading.

Exercise 21. Define the –ing form as the Participle, the Gerund or the Verbal noun. Translate the sentences.

1.His bad condition prevented him from attending the lecture in Microbiology.

2.Microorganisms invading the animal body are able to develop an infection. 3. The process of growth is due to the increasing number of cells. 4. He had to give up the idea of doing sports because of the disease of the joints. 5. It is no use extending our investigation as the nature of the phenomenon has become clear. 6. He took part in the sittings of the committee regularly. 7. Hospitalizing a patient the doctor on duty examined in the reception ward. 8. Any drug causing strong reaction must be taken only if the doctor has administered it.

Exercise 22. Find the sentences in which the ing-form is a) a gerund b) a verbal noun b) a participle.

1.The surgeon started performing the operation on the colon.

2.The veterinarian started the examining of the patient with bronchitis.

3.Leaving the hospital without the doctor’s permission is impossible.

4.His rapid leaving of the city was due to his mother’s illness.

5.All these comings and goings disturb me.

6.On coming home he called his friend.

7.The ongoing investigation of this case is under government’s control.

REVISION

Exericise 23. Translate from English into Russian. Define the –ing form.

1.The scientist continued investigating the properties of blood gases.

2.Your rapid recovery depends on properly following the administered treatment.

3.He works on the determining of white blood cells increase in this disease.

4.In making observations particular attention should be given to the obtaining of exact findings.

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