English_for_Police_Officers

VII. Read and translate the following groups of words.

to compose elements of the offence; to support a charge of libel; responsibility for perjury; to do or omit to do acts as alleged; to concern the act of the malefactor; to prove the case of larceny; to establish corpus delicti and identity; to identify and question the perpetrator; to search for physical evidence against the malefactor; to prove the charge of burglary; responsible for breaking into a house; circumstances of the offence alleged; to disprove one's guilt; leads in the development of the case; to solve the offence of rape; connection of the violating of the law with the malefactor; to omit performing legal duty; element of malice; intent to commit a crime of violence; to connect injury with the offence; to know the consequences of the criminal act; circumstantial evidence of arson; the reason that induced the offender to robbery; intent to do injury to a person.

VIII. Read and translate the sentences.

1.To establish the identity of a perpetrator the police officer may use the testimony of an eyewitness.

2.The identification of a person as the malefactor is the responsibility of the investigator.

3.The guilt of the accused must be proved by evidence to provide proper punishment.

4.Statements made by people having some information about the crime must be recorded, foot impressions and fingerprints photographed.

5.The consequences of breaking into a dwelling house to commit a crime there made the responsibility of the charged person quite clear.

6.The development of leads and a thorough study of accomplished larcenies and robberies helped the police officer to disprove the charges against the youth.

7.Cases of homicide are not easy to detect.

8.Injuries on the body of the robbed man were strong evidence in the case of robbery.

9.The circumstances and consequences of the arson alleged were developed by the investigator and responsibility of the guilty party found.

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IX. Read and translate the sentences, paying attention to the predicate.

1.An important proof of the guilt of the housebreaker has been found in the course of the crime scene search.

2.The investigator has discovered the evidence of the crime and shown a violation of the law committed by the accused.

3.By the end of the investigation the intention of the perpetrator had been made clear to the jury.

4.After the prosecuting attorney had studied all the leads he could support the charge of arson.

5.The investigation of the case of robbery will have been completed before the court session starts.

6.All the elements of burglary had been established by last Monday.

7.The police will have arrested the perpetrator by tomorrow.

X. Read and translate the sentences, paying attention to the nouns.

1.Crime scene search rules must be observed strictly.

2.Testimony can seldom be obtained in some kinds of offences.

3.Science in crime detection is widely used now.

4.Housebreaking offences are sometimes very easy to detect.

XI. Read and translate the sentences, paying attention to “no”.

1.No charge can be brought and supported if there is no corpus

delicti.

2.To detect a crime quickly and effectively no fact of value should be lost and no important circumstance should be neglected.

3.The attorney could present no proof of the alibi of the ac-

cused.

4.There can be no doubt that to know exactly when a man has committed a violation of the law is almost a science.

5.No proof of the guilt of the perpetrator has been found in the course of the crime scene search.

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XII. Read and render the text.

To detect a case the investigator must decide whether it was a crime or an accident. He must prove corpus delicti to know for sure that an offence was committed. It is also necessary to establish the suspect as the malefactor. All that corpus delicti, the identity of the accused as perpetrator and certain other facts proving the guilt, compose elements of the offence and must be fulfilled by the evidence.

Usually evidence is presented in this form by the prosecuting attorney, but the investigator will also find it useful to develop the case in this way. Besides it will help him to investigate all leads and not to lose any essential evidence.

The penal law to be studied by the investigator will provide him with the necessary knowledge of the elements of the offence. The general form in which elements of the offence usually exist is as follows: 1) the suspected person did or omitted to do the acts alleged; 2) the circumstances as specified.

The task of the investigator in the first general degree is to establish the identity of the suspect as the malefactor. It is also of importance to clearly show a close causal connection of the accused with the acts alleged. Physical or moral causation or omission to perform a legal duty must be proofs of the fact that the accused was a responsible agent in the perpetration of the offence.

In the course of the investigation evidence should be collected to prove that the offender knew what he was doing and that he had intentionally violated the law. Intent is essential in some crimes while in others it is used to prove that the criminal knew of the consequences of his acts. In some crimes there is an element of malice, i.e. the intent to do injury to another which is to be distinguished from motive (or what induces the criminal to act).

Proof of motive in homicide, arson, sabotage and other cases which depend upon circumstantial evidence is particularly important.

Robbery, burglary and larceny are usually investigated without presenting evidence of motive as motive in them is quite evident.

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Lesson 3

Text: Stages of Investigation.

Grammar: The Infinitive.

Participle I and Participle II.

1. Read and translate the sentences, paying attention to the Infinitives.

1.The investigator must establish the evidence of guilt and prepare the case for trial.

2.To try a case of fraud is not an easy task.

3.The case to be solved was a heinous murder.

4.To detect the person suspected of the housebreaking the inspector interviewed a lot of people.

5.The first task of the policeman was to protect the scene of manslaughter and its neighbourhood.

6.The case of burglary to be investigated was examined by the officer thoroughly.

7.To group offences into indictable and non-indictable you must know their technical degrees of importance.

8.The justice of the peace to hear this case of larceny has come in time.

9.This is an offence of perjury to inform the press about.

10.The lawyer analysed all the circumstances of the riot to tell the jury about them.

11.The conspiracy to commit treason was detected by the police.

II. Read and translate the groups of words with Participle I and Participle II.

1) the investigator conducting primary crime scene investigation; evidence proving the guilt of the accused; the роlісеmаn arriving at the crime scene; facts giving evidence of the intentions of the accused; the officer investigating the arson; evidence disproving the charge of burglary; acts violating the law; crimes including the element of malice; the criminal working with protected hands;

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2) all the facts gathered; acts alleged; clues found during the crime scene search; unsolved crimes; stolen cars; murdered man; wound found on the victim; well-organised criminal investigation; the first thing noticed during the search; destroyed clues; statements made by the injured person; weapons used by the criminal; fingerprints left on the window-sill; the crime committed by juveniles.

III. Read and translate the sentences, paying attention to Participles I and Participles II.

1.The evidence gathered by the investigator must establish the elements of the offence.

2.Even if a thief works with protected hands he may leave prints, when, for example, moving a heavy piece of furniture.

3.While examining the crime scene the investigator should be very careful not to omit any important clue.

4When climbing in through the window the thief left fingerprints on the window-sill.

5.Although the investigator is basically a collector of facts; he must also construct hypotheses concerning the problems of who committed the crime and how it was accomplished. 6.Basing on all the data gathered the investigator analyses the situation and tries to explain the relationship between the events under examination.

7.In cases depending upon circumstantial evidence proof of motive is especially important.

8.The driver saw an injured man lying on the road.

IV. Read and translate the words without a dictionary.

person, fact, phase, ideal, period, nature, alibi, materials, location, information, logical, problem, limit (v;n), financial, characteristic, objective .

V. Read and translate the text.

STAGES OF INVESTIGATION

A criminal investigator collects facts to accomplish three aims: to identify and locate the guilty party and to provide evidence of his

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guilt. Therefore the investigation is divided into three phases:

–the criminal is identified;

–he is traced and located;

–the facts proving his guilt are gathered for court presentation.

Identifying the Criminal

In the first stage the criminal is identified as the perpetrator of the criminal act. Ordinarily the identity of the criminal is discovered in the following ways: confession, testimony or circumstantial evidence.

Confession is an excellent means of identifying the criminal, but it must be supported by other corroborative evidence.

Testimony. The ideal identification is made by several objective persons who know the appearance of the accused and who personally witnessed the commission of the crime.

Circumstantial Evidence. The identification may be established indirectly by proving other facts or circumstances from which the identity of the perpetrator can be established. Evidence of this nature is the following:

Motive. It may be established from circumstances of the offence and from the statements of witnesses.

Opportunity. It must be physically possible for the suspect to commit a crime. Thus the search is limited to those persons who had an opportunity to commit the crime.

Associative evidence. The physical evidence may serve to identify the criminal by means of the clue materials and personal property. The perpetrator may leave some clue at the crime scene such as weapons, tools, fingerprints, or foot impressions; he may carry from the scene a trace in the form of glass, paint, hair or blood. In offences of personal gain the fruits of the crime may be in his possession. Crime of violence will leave evidence of physical struggle.

Tracing and Locating the Criminal

The second phase of the investigation is concerned with locating the offender. Many of the steps for identifying the suspect will also lead to his location. Usually the criminals do not hide. They are simply unknown. In those cases the problem is primarily one of identifi-

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cation. In many cases, however, it is necessary to trace a criminal who is hiding, interviews and information being the most useful method.

Proving the Guilt

The third and often the most difficult phase of the investigation is collecting the facts necessary in the trial to prove the guilt of the accused. The final stage of a criminal investigation is the presentation of evidence in court. The fact of the existence of the crime must be established; the defendant must be identified and associated with the crime scene; competent witnesses must be identified; the evidence must be collected and preserved; its connection with the case must be shown and the whole must be presented in an orderly and logical fashion.

Active words

to locate, trace (n,v), confession, eyewitness, testimony, circumstantial evidence, appearance, statement, corroborative evidence, associative evidence, quarrel (n,v), opportunity, clue, weapon, tool, struggle (v,n), to hide, defendant, to preserve.

VI. Read and translate the words, paying attention to the affixes and conversion.

to commit – commission; to possess – possession; to associate – associative; to present – presentation; to state – statement; to defend – defendant; to solve – solution – solved – unsolved; to accomplish – accomplishment; to observe – observation; competent – incompetent; to trace – trace; to witness – witness; to interview – interview; to search – search; to concern – concern; to evidence – evidence: to suspect – suspect; to charge – charge; to judge – judge; to gain – gain.

VII. Answer the questions.

1.What aims must the investigator accomplish while investigating a crime?

2.What are the phases of the investigation?

3.How is the identity of the criminal discovered?

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4.How can the location of the suspect be established?

5.What is usually the most difficult stage of the investigation?

VIII. Read and translate the sentences. Find the true sentences and correct the false ones.

1.The investigation of an offence is divided into three main

phases.

2.A criminal always leaves physical clues at the crime scene.

3.The identity of the criminal can be established only by eyewitnesses.

4.The second phase of the investigation is concerned with tracing and locating the criminal.

5.Usually the location of the suspect can easily be established if the criminal is identified.

6.Investigation is the process of discovering the identity of the suspect.

7.The identity of the suspect may be established by his or her confession.

8.Finding the perpetrator is the most difficult task of the investigation.

9.If the accused confessed the investigator needn't prove his guilt.

IX. Read and translate the groups of words.

to identify and locate the guilty party; the objectives of the investigator; to trace a criminal; to prove the guilt of the accused; to gather evidence; to present evidence in court; to discover the identity of the criminal; confession of a perpetrator to witness the commission of the crime; circumstantial, corroborative evidence; to leave clues at the crime scene; fingerprints and foot impressions; competent witnesses; to obtain evidence; to establish the motive of an offence.

X. Read and translate the sentences.

1.А реrsоn in Britain cannot be convicted on his own confession only.

2.The testimony of that witness was taken into consideration.

3.The suspect was brought to the police station.

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4.All the witnesses will be interviewed by the investigator.

5.In serious offences the search of the crime scene cannot be performed by the investigator alone.

6.He is suspected of larceny.

7.Usually the location of the criminal can be established out of the solution of the problem of his identity.

8.Confession of the perpetrator must be supported by other corroborative evidence.

9.Some important clues were discovered during the crime scene

search.

10.The man was found guilty of assault.

11.After the offender is arrested by a police officer he is told what he is charged with.

XI. Read and translate the sentences, paying attention to the functions of the Infinitive.

I Corpus delicti should be established to prove any case.

2. The investigator must offer necessary evidence to identify the accused as the perpetrator.

3.The facts found during the crime scene search could disprove the accusation alleged.

4.To provide a successful development of a case investigation investigators sometimes work 12 to 14 hours a day.

5.Penalty for the malefactor in the case of housebreaking to be tried tomorrow can be very strict.

6.At the second phase of investigation the detective is to trace the criminal, locate and arrest him.

7.The prosecuting attorney presented evidence to support the charge of libel.

8.Any lead to be used in detecting the crime should be developed properly.

9.To connect the actions of the malefactor with leads is sometimes very difficult.

10.Omission to perform a legal duty may be a cause of the of-

fence.

11.Injury to another person may be connected with robbery.

12.No criminal objective can be accomplished without violating

the law.

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13.In cases of arson and homicide it is of importance to keep the crime scene intact till the flying squad arrives.

14.Very important leads were discovered to support the charge of the offence.

15.The official was prosecuted for omitting to perform his legal

duty.

XII. Read and translate the sentences, paying attention to the Participles.

1.Observing the objects of the crime scene the police officer must be very careful.

2.The investigator obtained some information establishing the identity of the criminal.

3.When searching the crime scene the detective discovered valuable clues.

4.The policeman should be useful to the public preventing and detecting crime, maintaining law and order.

5.When an investigating officer arrives at the scene of the crime he should prevent all possible witnesses from leaving the scene.

6.The investigation must be planned to develop facts giving evidence of the intentions of the accused.

7.In cases depending upon circumstantial evidence proof of motive is especially important.

8.An investigation may be considered a success if all the information concerning the case is uncovered.

XIII. Read and translate the sentences, paying attention to the active words.

1.The police suspect this man of having committed the offence. The investigator interrogated the suspect.

2.He is accused of murder. The police officer must assemble the facts which are necessary to establish the guilt of the accused.

3.The jury is convicting this man for larceny. The convict was a clever criminal.

4.The charge against the man was serious. They charged him with assault.

5.All evening’s newspapers wrote about that murder. The

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