Grammar structures
1. The Past Perfect Tense
1. I (we, he, she, you, they) had got the tickets to the theatre
-
before you came
-
by 2 o'clock yesterday
2. I (we, he, she, you, they) did it after Pete had gone to the cinema.
2. Comparative Use of the Past Progressive, Present Perfect and Past Perfect Tenses
Past Progressive |
Past Perfect |
I was going to the theatre a) at 6 o'clock b) when you saw me |
1 had returned home a) by 6 o'clock b) when (before) you came |
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Я йшла в театр |
Я (вже) повернулась |
|
додому |
а) вчора о 6 годині |
а) вчора на 6 годину |
6) в той момент, коли ви побачили мене |
6) (на той момент) |
|
коли ви прийшли |
Present Perfect |
Past Perfect |
It's good that you have come only now, as і have just finished my work. |
It's good that you came only at 8 o'clock as I had finished my work (just) before I came. |
Добре, що ви прийшли лише зараз, бо я щойно закінчив роботу. |
Добре, що ви прийшли лише о 8 годині, бо я закінчив роботу щойно перед тим, як ви прийшли. |
3. The Future – in – the - Past
Не knew that I should go to the Він знав, що я піду в кіно
cinema in the evening. ввечері.
І did not know that you would go Я не знав, що ви підете в те- to the theatre. атр.
Note: It expresses the future action in reference to the past moment.
It is used in subordinate clauses if the predicate of the principal clause is expressed by the verb in the past tense.
4. Sequence of Tenses. Reported Speech
Direct Speech |
Reported Speech |
Hi said, “I go to the Crimea every year". |
He said (that) he went to the Crimea every year. |
He said, “I‘m reading a very interesting book now". |
He said he was reading a very interesting book then. |
He said, " I went there last year". |
He said he had gone there the previous year. |
He said, "You will enjoy your stay here". |
He told me (that) I should enjoy my stay there. |
He said, " I have read the book". |
He . said he had read the book. |
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Note: When changing direct speech into reported the following
changes of the tense take places:
Reported Speech
Simple Past
Direct Speech
Simple Present
Past Progressive
Past Perfect
Present Progressive
Simple Past
Past Perfect
Present Perfect
Simple Future Future-in-the-Past
Note: When changing direct speech into reported, the following changes of adverb and pronouns usually take place:
Direct Speech Reported Speech |
|
This |
That |
these |
those |
now |
then |
here |
there |
today |
that day |
tomorrow |
the next day, the following day |
yesterday |
the day before, the previous day |
next |
the following |
last |
the previous |
ago |
before |
in two days |
two days later |