- •1 Business Organization
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 Complete the sentences using these often confused words: economic - economical, economics – economy
- •Grammar: Present Simple vs Present Continuous We use the Present Simple (V / Vs):
- •2 Business Organization and the Economy
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •Grammar: Past Simple vs Past Continuous We use the Past Simple:
- •We use the Past Continuous:
- •3 Ownership
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •Grammar: Present Perfect – Теперішній доконаний час (1)
- •4 Business Relationship
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 The words in the box frequently occur after "company".Find combinations that mean:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •We use the Present Perfect Simple:
- •1 Choose the correct verb form:
- •3 Make sentences about the following people:
- •5 Put for or since into each gap. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •6 Ask these people questions about their experiences:
- •7 Open the brackets. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •5 Companies’ Restructuring
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •Grammar: Present Perfect vs Past Simple
- •1 Choose the correct verb form to complete these dialogues. Practise saying the dialogues in pairs:
- •2 Cross out the sentence which has a mistake:
- •3 Open the brackets using Past Simple or Present Perfect:
- •6 Organizational Structure
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 The words in the box frequently occur before "manager". Find combinations that mean:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 Choose the correct word:
- •Grammar: Present Perfect Continuous – Теперішній перфектно-тривалий час
- •We use the Present Perfect Continuous:
- •7 Employment
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 The words in the box frequently occur after "job".Find combinations that mean:
- •4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •6 Complete the sentences using these often confused words: to provide - to secure - to ensure
- •Grammar: Past Perfect – Минулий доконаний час (1)
- •8 Human Resources
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •5 Complete the sentences using these often confused words: employer - employee
- •1 Make sentences from the chart:
- •2 Put numbers in the brackets to show the order in which each action happened:
- •3 Put the verbs in brackets one in the Past Simple and one in the Past Perfect:
- •4 Open the brackets using Past Perfect or Past Simple:
- •5 Translate into English using the Past Perfect Tense:
- •6 Write down five things you had or hadn’t done by 10 pm yesterday.
- •9 Recruitment Procedure
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •Grammar: Past Tenses (Simple / Continuous / Perfect)
- •1 Complete the sentences with the verb in bold in either the Past Simple or the Past Perfect:
- •2 Past Simple or Past Continuous? Underline the correct tense:
- •3 Put the verb in brackets in either the Past Simple or Past Perfect Simple:
- •4 Complete these sentences. Use past tenses only and add any other words that are necessary:
- •5 Open the brackets using either Past Simple, Past Continuous, or Past Perfect:
- •10 Applying For a Job: Interviewing
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •5 Complete the sentences using these often confused words: power – strength
- •Grammar: Past Perfect Continuous – Минулий перфектно-тривалий час
- •11 Applying For a Job: Writing a Resume
- •Grammar: Tense Revision (Present Time)
- •12 Applying For a Job: cv
- •1 Read the sections of a cv (a-h) and match them with the headings (1-8):
- •2 Complete (1-5) with the highlighted words from the cv above:
- •3 Work in pairs. Look at these 'rules' for writing a cv. Which ones do you agree with? Why?
- •International marketing manager
- •Curriculum Vitae vs Resume?
- •13 Executive Pay
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 The words in the box frequently occur after "pay".Find combinations that mean:
- •4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •6 Complete the sentences using these often confused words: salary - income - pay - wage
- •Grammar: Tenses used to describe Future
- •14 Leaving a Job
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •Grammar: Майбутній доконаний час – Future Perfect
- •1 Use the future perfect (simple or continuous) to put the beginnings and ends together:
- •2 A romantic novelist writes 300-page books. She writes ten pages a day, and takes no holidays. Use the future perfect to answer the questions:
- •3 Complete the following sentences with a verb in the Future Perfect Simple or Continuous:
- •4 Answer the questions about you. What will you have done…
- •15 The economy
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Answer the questions:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Future Continuous vs Future Perfect
- •16 What is economics?
- •I. Translate into English:
- •III. Answer the questions:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Future Simple / Continuous / Perfect
- •1 Put the beginnings and ends together. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •3 Complete the sentences using future continuous or future perfect:
- •4 Read the conversation and choose the correct form of the future. Practise the dialogue in pairs:
- •5 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct future form:
- •17 Macroeconomics and microeconomics
- •Grammar: Часи групи Perfect Continuous
- •1 Put together the beginnings and ends of the conversations. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •2 Complete the sentences using the present perfect continuous tense of the verbs below:
- •3 Read the story and answer the questions using the past perfect continuous:
- •5 How long will you have been learning English / using your computer (mobile phone) / going to college / saving money for something you’d like to have / living in your present house by next summer?
- •18 The economy of ukraine
- •Grammar: Tense Revision Test (1)
- •19 The economy of the united kingdom
- •Grammar: Tense Revision Test (2)
- •20 Markets and market orientation
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 The words in the box frequently occur after "sector". Find combinations that mean:
- •4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian
- •Grammar: Active Tenses – Revision
- •3 Open the brackets using future simple or future continuous:
- •4 Translate the sentences into English:
- •21 National-income accounting
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •Grammar 1: Типи питальних речень
- •1 Make questions and define their type. Write possible answers. Translate the questions into Ukrainian:
- •Grammar 2: Negative questions – Питально-заперечні речення
- •2 Write informal negative questions to ask somebody:
- •3 Use negative questions to confirm the following ideas. Be careful with the tenses.
- •4 Use negative questions to confirm the following ideas:
- •5 Write possible short answers to the negative questions. Translate the questions into Ukrainian.
- •22 Taxes
- •Grammar: Revision of articles – Вживання артиклів
- •3 Відсутність артикля
- •2 Find one mistake in each sentence:
- •3 Put a / an, the, or nothing (-). Explain your choice:
- •4 Put the correct article where necessary:
- •5 A, an, the or - (nothing)?
- •23 Supply, demand and market prices
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •Grammar: Passive Voice (Simple) – Пасивний стан групи Simple
- •24 Wholesaling
- •Grammar: Passive Voice (Continuous) – Пасивний стан групи Continuous
- •25 Retail trade
- •Grammar: Passive Voice (Perfect) – Пасивний стан групи Perfect
- •26 Labour and capital
- •Grammar: Passive Tenses – Revision (1)
- •27 Inflation
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •Grammar: Passive Tenses – Revision (2)
- •1 Choose the correct answers. Explain your choice:
- •2 Complete the sentences using the words in the brackets in the Passive Voice and define their tense:
Grammar: Passive Tenses – Revision (1)
1 Choose the best way to continue each sentence:
1 He lives in a small house.
a. Somebody built it about forty years ago. b. It was built about forty years ago.
2 English is worth learning.
a. People speak it in a lot of countries. b. It is spoken in a lot of countries.
3 He got a sports car, but he didn't like it.
a. So he sold it again. b. So it was sold again.
4 My niece is an artist.
a. She’s just painted another picture. b. Another picture has just been painted by her.
5 The new Virginia Meyer film is marvellous.
a. They are showing it at our local cinema. b. It is being shown at our local cinema.
2 Write passive sentences:
1 Chinese ……………… (speak) in Singapore. 2 The Taj Mahal ……………… (build) around 1640. 3 The new hospital ……….………… (open) next year. 4 She ………………… (interview) now. 5 I realised I ……………..… (follow). 6 ………………… (you invite) to Andy's party? 7 He found that all his money ………………… (steal). 8 These computers ……………… (make) in Korea. 9 Passengers ………
(ask) not to speak to thedriver. 10 Sorry about the noise – the road ……………… (mend). 11 The village church ………………… (burn down) last year. 12 A Roman pavement ……………… (just find) underOxford Street.
• With a passive, we can use by + noun if we need to say who does the action:
This house was built in 1486 by Sir John Latton.
3 Make the sentences passive. Use by ... only if it is necessary to say who does / did the action:
1 Shakespeare wrote 'Hamlet'. ……………………………………………………………………
2 They have arrested her for shoplifting. ……………………………………………………………………
3 They are repairing your car now. ……………………………………………………………………
4 People in Chile speak Spanish. ……………………………………………………………………
5 Has anybody asked Peter? ……………………………………………………………………
6 My mother made this ring. ……………………………………………………………………
7 Electricity drives this car. ……………………………………………………………………
8 Somebody will tell you where to go. ……………………………………………………………………
9 A drunken motorist knocked her down. …………………………………………………………………
10 Liverpool beat Manchester 3-0yesterday. ………………………………………………………………
11 The Chinese invented paper. ……………………………………………………………………
12 You need hops to make beer.……………………………………………………………………
13 They don't sell stamps in bookshops. ……………………………………………………………………
14 The directors are still considering your application. ……………………………………………………
27 Inflation
inflation - інфляція deflation - дефляція relative price - відноснаціна nominal income - номінальний дохід real income - реальнийдохід money illusion - грошова ілюзія |
Consumer Price Index - індекс споживчих цін inflation rate - темп інфляції price stability - стабільність цін demand-pull inflation - інфляція,спричиненапопитом cost-push inflation - інфляція, спричинена вартістю |
Most people associate inflation with price increases on specific goods and services. Inflation is an increase in the average level of prices, not a change in any specific price.
We first determine the average price of all output (the average price level), then look for changes in that average. A rise in the average price is referred to as inflation.
The average price level may fall and rise. A decline in average prices - a deflation - occurs when price decreases on some goods and services outweigh price increases on all others. Relative price is the price of one good in comparison with the price of other goods.
Because inflation and deflation are measured in terms of average price levels, it is possible for individual prices to rise or fall continuously without changing the average price level. Nominal income is the amount of money you receive in a particular time period; it is measured in current hryvnias. Real income, by contrast, is the purchasing power of that money, as measured by the quantity of goods and services your hryvnias will buy. If the number of hryvnias you receive every year is always the same, your nominal income doesn't change - but your real income will rise or fall with price changes.
There are two basic lessons about inflation to be learned:
- Not all prices rise at the same rate during an inflation. Some prices increase very rapidly, others only modestly, and still others not at all.
- Not everyone suffers equally from inflation. Those people who consume the goods and services that are rising faster in price bear a greater burden of inflation; their real incomes fall more.
Money illusion is the use of nominal hryvnias rather than real hryvnias to measure changes in one's income or wealth.
The most common measure of inflation is the Consumer Price Index, a mechanism for measuring changes in the average price of consumer goods and services.
Inflation Rate is the annual rate of increase in the average price level.
Price stability is the absence of significant changes in the average price level; officially defined as a rate of inflation of less than 3 percent.
Demand-pull inflation is an increase in the price level because of excessive aggregate demand. If the demand for goods and services rises faster than production, there simply won't be enough goods and services to go around. Cost-push inflation is an increase in the price level because of an increase in the cost of production. In 1979 the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) sharply increased the price of oil. For domestic producers, this action meant a significant increase in the cost of producing goods and services. They had to raise prices and the result was a cost-push inflation.