SOME GRAMMAR NOTES

Degrees of Comparison.

Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.

Существует три категории прилагательных и наречий, для которых сравнительная и превосходная степени строятся по определенным правилам.

1.Если исходное прилагательное или наречие "короткое" (т.е. состоит из одного или двух произносимых слогов), то для построения сравнительной степени на конце исходного слова прибавляется суффикс -er, а для превосходной степени -est.

Например: short - shorter - the shortest big - bigger - the biggest easy - easier - the easiest

quickly - quicklier - the quickliest

2.Если исходное прилагательное или наречие "длинное" (т.е. состоит из трех и более произносимых слогов), то в сравнительной степени перед ним добавляется слово

more (less), а в превосходной степени - the most (the least).

Например: expensive - more expensive - the most expensive interesting - less interesting - the least interesting sufficiently - more sufficiently - the most sufficiently

3.Существует пять исключений, которые абсолютно не следуют вышеупомянутым правилам, и потому требуют запоминания:

good (well) - better - the best bad (badly) - worse - the worst many (much) - more - the most few (little) - less - the least

far - farther (further) - the farthest (the furthest)

Для сравнения качества предметов или характеристик людей используют также следующее:

than - чем (сравнительный союз)

a little (a bit) - немного (слегка)

Task 1. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives:

outstanding; important; good; small; fast; little; great; difficult; much; beautiful; famous; weak

Task 2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1.The more he worked, the more money he got.

2.More and more users are introducing intelligent "agent" into their computers to make them find the optimal decision of the problem required.

3.Most Englishmen usually have lunch at about one o'clock.

4.He knows Math much better than English.

5.It is the worst football match I have ever seen.

6.Our library is not so great as the University one.

7.It was much more difficult task than before.

8.The results of today's test are as sufficient as the previous ones.

9.If you come earlier, you will be able to meet my brother before he leaves.

10.This computer works a bit faster than the old one.

МНОГОЗНАЧНОСТЬ СЛОВА "ONE"

Слово "one" имеет разные значения.

Иего перевод зависит от места этого слова в предложении.

1)"one" + существительное: переводится словом "один"

One of the students didn't come to take the examination.

Один из студентов не пришел сдавать экзамен.

2) "one" + глагол: не переводится вовсе.

One must know this.

Надо это знать.

3)Слово "one", используемое во второй части предложения, служит в качестве слова-заместителя. Часто перед ним в таком положении стоит сравнительный союз "than".

This book is more interesting than that one.

Эта книга более интересная, чем та (книга).

Task 3. Read and translate the text.

MODERN TECHNOLOGY.

Nowadays one can't imagine our life without modern technology. It allows even the smallest company to communicate with the speed that was impossible 25 years ago. A fax in the office is not a luxury any longer, but a necessity as well as electronic and voice mail. But technology is misused for two reasons. First, it is often easier to send a message by e-mail than by post. Second, without proper training, the staff may feel comfortable with one communication system.

It is more comfortable to you to ask your secretary to send a message than to sit down and compose a letter yourself. Your secretary may choose more expensive form of distribution because she was not properly trained. She uses what is at hand, but not what is cheaper or what is more convenient for correspondence.

Task 4. Write out all the adjectives from the text in Comparative and Superlative degrees.

Task 5. Write out the sentences in the Passive Voice.

REVIEW EXERCISE

Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1.Many companies are introducing modern techniques in their offices. The stuff is being thoroughly trained to use them. Video-mail will become the next step in e-mail technique.

2.Since 1945 till the present day over 1000 lives have been lost on the territory of the Bermuda Triangle. Many small boats and light aircrafts have disappeared in this area.

3.Unknown Flying Objects (UFOs) were first mentioned in the Bible.

At that time flying objects were called "The Devil Wheels".

4.According to Nobel's will (завещание) the capital is to be invested to form a special fund. The interest (процент по вкладу) on this fund is to be distributed annually in the form of Prizes to those who had done the work of the greatest use for mankind during the previous year. This interest is to be divided into 5 parts. One part should be given to the person who had made the most important discovery in the field of physics. For example, famous Russian scientist Zhores Alferov was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2001.

5.The Sun energy is emitted in the form of wide-range electromagnetic waves.

6.People have always effected the environment.

7.Goods are produced, sold, bought, used and recycled.

8.The market economy is that one which defines demand and supply.

9.We are having the seminar tomorrow,

so I have to work much more seriously than I had ever done before.

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ:

ВВЕДЕНИЕ ____________________________________________________________ с. 3

РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО РАБОТЕ С ПОСОБИЕМ __________________________ с. 4 UNIT 1. Базисные глаголы английской грамматики “TO BE”, “TO HAVE” ___ с. 5 UNIT 2. Группа времен SIMPLE (Present, Past, Future) _____________________ c. 8 UNIT 3. Группа времен CONTINUOUS (Present, Past, Future) _______________ с. 12 UNIT 4. Группа времен PERFECT (Present, Past, Future)____________________ с. 16 UNIT 5. The Passive Voice ________________________________________________с. 19 UNIT 6. Modal Verbs and Their Equivalents _________________________________с. 22 UNIT 7. The Gerund _____________________________________________________ с. 27 UNIT 8. The Present Participle_____________________________________________ с.29 UNIT 9. The Past Participle _______________________________________________ с. 32 UNIT 10. The Infinitive ___________________________________________________ с. 35 ADDITIONAL READING _________________________________________________c. 39 IT IS INTERESTING TO KNOW __________________________________________ c. 41 SOME GRAMMAR NOTES _______________________________________________c. 42 REVIEW EXERCISE _____________________________________________________c. 45

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ _________________________________________________________ с. 46