- •Передмова
- •I. Listen , read and learn:
- •II. Read, translate and learn the following words and expressions:
- •III. Read and translate the following words and expressions:
- •IV. Read and remember suffixes of:
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Translate these expressions and make up a story about yourself:
- •III. Give English equivalents:
- •I. Answer these questions:
- •II. Find the following expressions in the text and translate them:
- •III. Choose from a and в and made up your own sentences:
- •IV. Give English equivalents:
- •V. Read this story . Give the title to this text:
- •VI. Write the correct word in the blanks:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Make up sentences using the word order of English sentences:
- •II. Make up interrogative sentences:
- •III. Write the article a(an), the if necessary in the blanks:
- •IV. Using 'this' or 'these' make up questions:
- •V. Write the correct form of possessive pronouns my, your, his, her, its, their , our :
- •VI. Change the possessive pronouns to the absolute form mine, yours, his, hers, ours,
- •VII. Use the correct form of reflexive pronouns:
- •VIII. Complete the dialogue using the following pronouns:
- •I. Read, translate and remember the following words and expressions:
- •II. Pay attention to the use of geographical names:
- •III. Read Text a and prove that the following is true:
- •IV. Remind the meaning of these words:
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the questions:
- •II. Find the sentences in Text a which have about the same meaning as the ones given below.
- •III. Complete the following sentences using the words given below:
- •Exercises
- •I. Make up sentences using the following tables, translate them:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Write the plural of the following nouns:
- •II. A) Pay attention to the following nouns which are used only in singular. Make up your
- •III. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the noun:
- •IV. Make up word combinations using the words in brackets as attributes:
- •V. What is the difference between the following word combinations. Translate them:
- •V. Translate into English:
- •VII. A) Write positive or negative sentences using the verb "to be":
- •VIII. Use the verb " to be " in the necessary tense form:
- •IX. Pay attention to the translation of the verb "to be" in the following sentences:
- •X. A) Use “there is / are” construction in the necessary tense form:
- •XI. A) Put the verb "to have " in the correct form. Make the sentences negative and
- •Interrogative where necessary :
- •Interrogative forms it takes the auxiliary verb "to do ".
- •XII. Pay attention to the translation of the verb "to have" in the following sentences:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and expressions:
- •II. Make up sentences:
- •III. Read and translate:
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Find in Text a the words which correspond to the following vocabulary definitions and
- •III. Choose the pairs of:
- •IV. Complete the following sentences:
- •V. Fill in the blanks with the necessary words:
- •VI. Translate into Ukrainian:
- •II. Ask questions:
- •III. Ask and answer:
- •IV. Complete the disjunctive questions and translate them:
- •V. Translate into: a) Ukrainian and b) English paying attention to the degrees of
- •VI. Open the brackets minding degrees of comparison:
- •VII. Read and translate:
- •VIII. Explain the meaning of the following proverbs. Give Ukrainian equivalents:
- •IX. Translate into Ukrainian, paying attention to impersonal sentences:
- •Exercises
- •V. Read and dramatize the dialogue:
- •VI. Choose the right variant:
- •VII. Suppose you are a guide. Speak about the most interesting places of London.
- •I. Read the geographical names and pay attention to the use of the definite article
- •2. Read and try to understand without a dictionary:
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the questions on Text a:
- •II. Find the English equivalents in the text:
- •II. Use the verbs in brackets in past Indefinite or Past Single Tense. Translate the sentences
- •Into Ukrainian:
- •III. Use the verbs in brackets in Future Simple tense and translate the sentences into
- •IV. Write the sentences from these words. Mind the use of Indefinite Tenses:
- •V. Translate into Ukrainian. All the sentences are passive:
- •VI. Write the sentences from the words in brackets. Sentences 1-5 are present, 6-10
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the questions:
- •II. Is it true or false ?
- •III. Read and try to understand without a dictionary:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and expressions:
- •II. Make up sentences:
- •Exercises
- •I. Study the text carefully. Act as a guide of the group of tourists visiting
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Give English equivalents:
- •IV. Complete the following sentences:
- •V. Translate into Ukrainian:
- •IV. Speak of Odessa according to the plan:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Read the dialogue paying attention to the use of Present, Past and Future Continuous
- •II. Put the verb into the correct form:
- •III. Write sentences saying :
- •IV. Put the verb into the correct form, Past Continuous or Past Indefinite:
- •V. Translate into English:
- •VI. Make the following sentences passive:
- •VII. Make up sentences using the table:
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Give the Ukrainian equivalents for the following :
- •III. Illustrative dialogues. Memorise these dialogues. Practise them in pairs. Make up
- •IV. Retell these funny stories:
- •I. Study the new words:
- •II. Form the adjectives from the following words:
- •III. Answer the questions:
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the questions on Text a:
- •II. Find the English equivalents in the text:
- •II. Read the situation and write sentences from the words in brackets. Use Past Perfect:
- •III. Answer the questions using the given words:
- •IV. A) Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the tense form of the
- •V. Choose the correct form of the verbs (Past Simple or Past Perfect). Translate into
- •VI. Transform the sentences from Active Voice into Passive Voice:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and expressions:
- •II. Read and translate:
- •III. Select the right vocabulary definitions to the following words:
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Complete the following sentences translating the words in the brackets into English:
- •III. Translate the words, characterizing climate, memorize them and say what climate is
- •IV. Before reading Text b find the answers to the following questions:
- •V. Read, translate and title:
- •VI. Read and say what you should do to protect yourself during a thunderstorm:
- •IV. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative: not forget to use "do", "did",
- •V. Change the following sentences into Past and Future:
- •VI. Translate into English paying attention to the modals and their equivalents:
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer these questions:
- •II. Read the dialogues and reproduce them in pairs:
- •III. Translate the following examples of weather forecasts into Ukrainian:
- •IV. Describe what the weather is typically like in our city (town):
- •V. Read the idioms or proverbs below and try to work out what they mean. Do you have
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and expressions:
- •II. Read and translate:
- •III. Select the right vocabulary definitions to the following words: air, Earth, water, sea,
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Translate the following sentences , paying attention to:
- •III. Complete the following sentences translating the words in brackets into English:
- •IV. Read, translate and title:
- •V. Fill in the blanks with the necessary words in the brackets. Translate into Ukrainian:
- •VI. Before reading Text в find the answers to the following questions:
- •VII. Translate without the dictionary and answer the question “Why is the hydrology
- •VIII. Translate into Ukrainian without a dictionary:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Translate the following sentences , paying attention to the predicate in the Passive Voice:
- •II. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the different meanings of the preposition
- •III. Rewrite the sentences changing where it is possible Active Voice into Passive Voice:
- •IV. Fill in the blanks with the given verbs in the Active or Passive Voice:
- •V. Translate into English:
- •VI. What Ukrainian sentences corresponds to English ?
- •VII. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the composite conjunctions:
- •VIII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the composite prepositions:
- •Exercises
- •I. Find in Text с the sentences about:
- •II. Translate the following sentences , paying attention to the:
- •III. Fill in the blanks and translate the following sentences :
- •IV. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •V. Speak about the hydrologic cycle using the following words and word-combinations:
- •I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations.
- •II. Read and translate:
- •III. Find some derivatives from the following verbs and translate them:
- •Exercises
- •V. Give titles to every passage of text a.
- •VI. Retell the text according to the plan:
- •Assignments
- •II. Put the Infinitives in brackets into the right Tense according to the rules of the Sequense
- •III. Cору, underline the predicates and translate the sentences:
- •Exercises
- •I. Find the answers to the following questions:
- •II. Give the English equivalents for the following word combinations ( consult Text с ):
- •III. Choose the correct variant:
- •I. Practise the pronunciation of the following words. Memorize them:
- •II. Read, translate and learn the following word combinations:
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Give English equivalents:
- •III. Give title to every passage of text a.
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Give English equivalents:
- •III. Give titles to every passage of Text b.
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Give English equivalents:
- •III. Give titles to every passage of Text c. Lexico - Grammatical Exercises
- •I. Choose the best word to complete the sentences:
- •II. Eight verbs are missing from these lists. What are they? Put the verbs in the correct tense
- •Infinitive Past Indefinite Past Participle
- •III. A. Complete the sentences below. Choose a word or phrase from each column to put in the spaces:
- •Grammar Exercises
- •I. Decide if the speaker is talking about routine activities or activities going on at the moment
- •II. Decide whether the verbs refer to general activities or current projects. Put the verbs into the Present Indefinite or Present Continuous:
- •III. In the following exercise, decide whether these situations are permanent or temporary. Put the verbs into the Present Indefinite or Present Continuous.
- •IV. A. Irregular verbs. Write in the missing form of each of the irregular verbs below. Each verb can be used with the expressions on the right:
- •Indefinite Past Indefinite Expressions
- •V. Complete the following passage by putting the verb into the Past Indefinite:
- •VI. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous:
- •VII. Rewrite these sentences, using the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous:
- •VIII. In the dialogue, put the verbs into the Past Indefinite or the Present Perfect:
- •IX. Read the following letter. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Indefinite, Present Perfect, or Present Perfect Continuous:
- •XI. Make the following sentences past:
- •XII. Present, Past, Present Perfect: check. Write the verbs in the correct tense:
- •XIII. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Indefinite or the Present Indefinite:
- •XV. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the future, using the Future Indefinite or
- •XVI. Look through the notes about the building of a new factory. Say what will be happening
- •XVII. Look at the information. Then put the verb into the right tense:
- •XVIII. Look at the results of an opinion poll asking voters which party they will support at
- •XX. The Future: check. Write the following sentences in the correct form (Present
- •XXI. A person who works in the Personnel Department is explaining how they select
- •XXII. Rewrite these sentences in the Passive. The subject of the active sentence can usually
- •XXIII. Rewrite these sentences using the Causative, changing some words if necessary:
- •XXIV. Indirect Speech. Use reporting verbs like replied, answered, stated, commented,
- •XXV. A. Read this account of a telephone call. Write the questions the customer asked.
- •Indirect questions and put them in the correct places in the conversation:
I. Read and memorize the following words and expressions:
A long-term effect, sun’s radiation, seasonal averages, earth’s varied surface, to rotate, to circulate, dynamic activity, day-by-day variations, synthesis, rain gauge, efficiently, to require, yearly patterns, mountain systems, macroclimate, mesoclimate, microclimate, significant role, philosophical processes, conception, disease, chemicals, precipitation, carbon dioxide, to refer to… , to affect, an effect, a true picture of climate, alteration of the earth’s surface, pollutants, descriptive terms, the equator, hemisphere, atmospheric phenomena.
II. Read and translate:
Do you know that:
… atmosphere is a mixture of gases ?
… the word “atmosphere” comes from the Greek words “atmos” which means vapour and “sphaira” which means sphere ?
… climate is determined by the intensity of the sunlight, distance from the sea, altitude, relief and other factors ?
… the word “climate” comes from the Greek “Klima”, that means inclination of the sun ?
… heating and cooling of the atmosphere are the basic causes of weather changes ?
… climate describes typical weather of a region for a long period of time ?
… Centigrade degrees and Fahrenheit degrees may be converted by the following formulas: C=5/9(F-32); F=9/5 C+32 ?
III. Select the right vocabulary definitions to the following words:
Climate, the Earth, weather, temperature, atmosphere, a forecast, environment, inclination, latitude, radiation.
1) The air, water, land in which people, plants and animals live.
2) A report saying what weather is expected to be like in the near future.
3) the temperature and other conditions such as sun, rain and wind.
4) The mixture of gases that surround the Earth.
5) The distance north or south of the equator measured in degrees.
6) Energy in the form of heat or light sent out as beams that you cannot see.
7) The world that we live in.
8) The typical weather condition of a particular area.
9) A measure of how hot or cold a place or a thing is.
10) A slope or the angle at which something slopes.
Text A climate and weather
Climate is due to the long-term effect of the sun’s radiation on the rotating earth’s varied surface and atmosphere. It can be understood most easily in terms of annual or seasonal averages of temperature and precipitation.
Land and sea areas, being so variable, react in many different ways to the atmosphere, which is constantly circulating in a state of dynamic activity. Day-by-day variations in a given area constitute the weather, whereas climate is the long-term synthesis of such variations. So, when we speak of the “weather” we have in mind the condition of the earth’s atmosphere at a given time and place as determined by sunshine, temperature, barometric pressure, wind, humidity, clouds, and precipitations.
Climate of a given place is an average of weather over an extended period of years. Weather is measured by thermometers, rain gauges, barometers and other instruments, but the study of climate relies on statistics. Today, such statistics are handled efficiently by computers. A simple, long-term summary of weather changes, however, is still not a true picture of climate. To obtain this requires the analysis of daily, monthly, and yearly patterns.
The word “climate” comes from the Greek “Klima”, referring to the inclination of the sun. Besides the effects of solar radiation and its variations, however, climate is also influenced by the complex structure and composition of the atmosphere and by the ways in which it and the ocean transport heat. Thus, for any given area on earth, not only the latitude (the sun’s inclination) must be considered but also the elevation, terrain, distance from the ocean, relation to mountain systems and lakes, and other such influences. Another consideration is scale: A macroclimate refers to a broad region, a mesoclimate to a small district, and a microclimate to a minute area. A microclimate, for example, can be specified that is good for growing plants underneath large shade trees.
Climates are described by agreed-upon codes or by descriptive terms that are somewhat loosely defined but nevertheless useful. On a global scale, climate can be spoken of in terms of zones, or belts, that can be traced between the equator and the pole in each hemisphere. To understand them, the circulation of the upper atmosphere, or stratosphere, must be considered, as well as that of the lower atmosphere, or troposphere, where weather takes place. Upper atmospheric phenomena were little understood until the advent of such advanced technology as rocketry, high-altitude aircraft, and satellites.
Climate has pronounced effects on vegetation and animal life, including humans. It plays statistically significant roles in many physiological processes, from conception and growth to health and disease. In turn, can affect climate through the alteration of the earth’s surface and the introduction of pollutants and chemicals such as dioxide into the atmosphere.
Text B meteorology
Meteorology is a scientific study of the earth’s atmosphere. It includes the study of day-by-day variations of weather conditions (synoptic meteorology); the study of electrical, optical, and other physical properties of the atmosphere (physical meteorology); the study of average and extreme weather conditions over long periods of time (climatology); the variation of meteorological elements close to the ground over a small area (micrometeorology); and studies of many other phenomena. The study of the highest portions of the atmosphere (above a height of 20 to 25 km, or 12.5 to 15.5 mi) generally involves the use of special techniques and disciplines, and is termed “aeronomy”. The term “aerology” has been applied to the study of conditions in the free atmosphere anywhere away from the ground.
The scholars of ancient Greece were greatly interested in the atmosphere. As early as 400 BC Aristotle wrote a treatise called “Meteorologica”, dealing with the “study of things lifted up”; about one-third of the treatise is devoted to atmospheric phenomena, and it is from this work that the modern term “meteorology” is derived.
Weather forecasting has challenged the human mind from the earliest times, however, little progress was made in scientific forecasting until the 19th century, when developments in the fields of thermodynamics provided the theoretical basis for meteorology. The advance of the science has been furthered by the invention of suitable instruments for observation and by the organization of networks of observing stations to gather weather data. Weather records for individual localities were made as early as the 14th century, but only in the 17th century were any systematic observations made over extended areas. Slow communications hampered the development of weather forecasting, and it was not until the invention of the telegraph in the mid. 19th century that weather data from an entire country could be transmitted to a central point and correlated for the making of a forecast. Today electronic computers are employed regularly to provide weather predictions for industry, agriculture, and the general public.