- •Contents
- •Preface
- •Key to phonemic and other symbols
- •Introductory Corrective Course Academic Thematic Syllabus
- •Notes on english phonetics
- •The organs of speech
- •Articulation Basis of English
- •The English Vowel System
- •The Chart of English Vowel Phonemes
- •English Monophthongs
- •English Diphthongs
- •The English Consonant System
- •Chart of English Consonant Phonemes
- •Vowel Reduction
- •Full and Reduced Forms
- •List of Full and Reduced Forms
- •Assimilation
- •Directions of Assimilation
- •Degrees of Assimilation
- •Types of Partial Assimilation
- •Word Stress
- •Accented types of words
- •English Intonation. Its Components.
- •Communicative Types of Sentences
- •The Segments of Intonation Group
- •Types of Pre-Heads
- •The System of Scales
- •Scales in Detail The Stepping Scale
- •The Sliding Scale
- •The Scandent Scale
- •The Level Scale
- •Terminal Tones
- •The Low Fall
- •The Low Rise
- •The Fall-Rise
- •Sentence Stress
- •Variations in Sentence Stress
- •Logical Stress
- •Some Rules of Syntagmatic Division
- •Complex and Compound Sentences
- •Direct Address
- •Parentheses
- •Author’s Words
- •Graphical rules
- •Vowel № 1/I:/
- •Vowel № 2 //
- •Vowel № 3 /e/
- •Vowel № 4 //
- •Vowel № 5 //
- •Vowel № 6 //
- •Vowel № 7 //
- •Vowel № 8 //
- •Vowel № 9 //
- •Vowel № 10 //
- •Vowel № 11 //
- •Vowel № 12 //
- •Tongue twisters
- •Practical assignments Stress
- •Linking of words in connected speech
- •Assimilation
- •Rhythm and Rhythmic Groups
- •Scales and Terminal Tones
- •Word Phonetic Analysis Model
- •Sentence Phonetic Analysis Model
- •Preparatory Tests Preparatory Test 1
- •Preparatory test 2
- •Preparatory Test 3
- •Preparatory test 4
- •Pedagogical classification of pronunciation errors and problems
- •Phonetic and grammar terms
- •Recommended literature
Vowel № 11 //
Graphical Rules:
Vowel № 11 is represented in spelling by:
e, i, u, у followed by r third syllable type (term, service, bird, stir, fir, nurse, fur, turn);
ear + consonant (earth, heard).
Irregular readings: heart, hearth, worn, work, worst.
// in proverbs and sayings:
1. It’s an early bird that catches the first worm.
2. First come, first served.
3. Live and learn.
Vowel № 12 //
Graphical Rules:
Vowel № 12 is represented in spelling by:
1. the letter a in prefixes (about, asleep);
2. in suffixes er, or, ar, oar, ous (teacher, doctor, cellar, flavour, famous);
3. a, o, u non-accented (sofa, atom, column).
Diphthong № 13 //
Graphical Rules:
Diphthong № 13 is represented in spelling by:
1. the letter "a" in open syllables (take, lake);
2. the digraphs ai, ay (main, plain, may, play);
3. ei, ey (veil, vein, neighbour, grey, they, convey).
Irregular Readings: key, height.
// in proverbs and sayings:
Make hey while the sun shines.
Make haste slowly.
3. Haste makes waste.
4. No gains without some pains.
Diphthong № 14 //
Graphical Rules:
Diphthong № 14 is represented in spelling by:
the letter o in open syllables (go, home, moment);
the letter o followed by ll, ld, st (polk, roll, old, told, most, post);
the digraph ow (low, show, know, tomorrow);
the digraph oa (boat, road, load);
the letter о in word-final unstressed syllables (hero, photo, potato).
Exceptions to memorize: now, how, cow, row, brow, bow.
Irregular Spelling: shoulder, poultry, soul, owe, mould.
// in proverbs and sayings:
As you sow you shall mow./As you sow, so shall you reap.
True love never grows old.
When at Rome do as Romans do.
Be slow to promise and quick to perform.
Diphthong № 15 //
Graphical Rules:
Diphthong № 15 is represented in spelling by:
1. the letters i, у in stressed open syllable (lie, fly, final, lime);
2. igh followed by t (light, night, sight);
3. the letter i followed by ld, nd (child, wild, kind, blind).
Irregular Spelling: either, neither.
Irregular Readings: wind, city, pity.
Diphthong № 16 //
Graphical Rules:
Diphthong № 16 is represented in spelling by:
1. the digraph ou (out, thousand, stout);
2. the digraph ow (town, down, towel).
Irregular Spelling: drought, bough, plough.
// in proverbs and sayings;
A sound mind in a sound body.
Every cloud has a silver lining.
Actions speak louder than words.
To come out dry.
When angry, count a hundred.
Diphthong № 17 //
Graphical Rules:
Diphthong № 17 is represented in spelling by:
the digraph oi, oy (oil, boil, toy, oyster).
Irregular Readings: tortoise.
// in proverbs and sayings:
The voice of one man is the voice of no man.
Diphthong № 18 //
Graphical Rules:
Diphthong № 18 is represented in spelling by:
the letter combinations ere, ear, eer (here, sphere, hear, dear, fear, deer, beer, pioneer);
the letter combination ier (pier, fierce, cashier);
the letter e in open accented syllables + r (era, hero, period, serious).
Rare Spelling: theory, museum, theatre, idea, beard, real.
// in proverbs and sayings:
Neither here nor there.
Experience is the best teacher.
To be up to the ears in love.
Diphthong № 19 //
Graphical Rules:
Diphthong № 19 is represented in spelling by:
the letter combinations are, air (hare, fare, care, prepare, hair, chair, air);
the letter a in open accented syllable followed by r (vary, Mary, parent, variant).
NOTE. Mind the rr case: marry, parrot.
Irregular Spelling: are, bear, wear, tear, where, there.
// in proverbs and sayings:
Where there's a will, there's a way.
After rain comes fair weather.
If you run after two hares, you'll catch neither.
Diphthong № 20 //
Graphical Rules:
Diphthong № 20 is represented in spelling by:
the letter combination ure (cure, pure, sure);
the letter u in open accented syllable (fury, during).
Rare Spelling: poor, moor, tour, Europe.
Irregular Readings: to bury.
// in proverbs and sayings:
What can't be cured must be endured.
Slow but sure.
Curiosity killed a cat.