The Adverbial Modifier

Exercise 1 p. 201. State whether the phrases in bold type are adverbial modifiers, objects or attributes.

1. He was a snob without shame. (M) 2. He was telling lies without shame. 3. This court, encircled by a gallery on the upper floor, was roofed with a glass roof, supported by eight columns running up from the ground. (Gls.) 4. I've tried to plan a house here with some self-respect of its own. (Gls.) 5. "That ought to come down," he said, pointing to the oak-tree. "You think so? You think that with the tree there you don't get enough view for your money?" (Gls.) 6. When her hand was refused, June put it behind her. Her eyes grew steady with anger. (Gls.) 7. The talk in the neighbourhood reflected the same feeling, and indignation against Martin ran high. (Lnd) 8. Father Enstein said he could show me places in the neighbourhood that he didn't think I'd be likely to discover for myself. (M) 9. This, and the solid mud on his high boots, made him Cromwellian. (Ald) 10. The light from the rose-shaded lamp fell on her neck and arms. (Gls.) 11. After luncheon, he enjoyed walking about in the dining-room with his cigar. (CD) 12. Bosinney stepped in after her. (Gls.) 13. Lovely weather after the rain, is it not? (V.) 14. He turned to Michael, "I've often told you, Michael, that life today can be very difficult for more than the working class." (Gls.) 15. Then Bini wrote and told me to pass through Pisa today on my way home, so that I could come here. (V.) 16. Do you know the situation at present in nuclear physics? (W) 17. My position is a discouraging one at present. 18. Before him extended the heavy mass of the university buildings. (W). 19. Bosinney and Irene arrived before them. (Gls.)

Exercise 2 p. 202. Translate what is given in brackets into English using various means of expressing the adverbial modifier:

a) of time:

1. They had to leave most of the things they had packed up (заранее). 2. They booked tickets (заранее). 3. It rained (в течение трех дней), but the roads dried up (через день). 4. (Через несколько дней) he was well again. 5. I shall be free (через пять минут). 6. I have known it (давно). 7. I knew of it (давно). 8. (Сначала) I could not understand what it was all about. 9. I think this should be done (сначала). 10. (Завернув за угол), he saw a crowd of people. 11. He must have been very handsome (когда был молодым). 12. Earnest (никогда) smiled (когда шутил). 13. She lived in the country (в течение всего лета). 14. (Во время каникул) I (часто) went to the theatre. 15. The train had (едва) stopped (как она соскочила на платформу). 16. (Сказав все, что он хотел), he took his hat and went away.

b) of place:

1. (У входа) he found the carriage waiting for him. 2. (Ha пляже) I watched the people basking (на солнце). 3. A dog ran (из-за дома) and barked at me. 4. She seated the boy (на его обычное место, слева от себя). 5. Не opened the window and looked (в сад). 6. We took a short cut (через поле). 7. We passed (через лес) and came (на поляну).

c) of manner and attending circumstances:

1. Mr. Traffy drank his wine (одним глотком). 2. He drove away (как ветер). 3. They went down (рука в руке). 4. She returned (с радостным чувством на сердце). 5. I sleep (с открытым окном). 6. "Who is knocking at the door?" he asked (громким голосом). 7. Who could ever think him to be capable of acting (таким образом). 8. Sam looked (по сторонам, как будто собираясь убежать). 9. Disjointed pictures flashed (одна за другой) through my bewildered mind. 10. Everyone was already asleep, and we talked (шепотом). 11. We walked rapidly (с опущенной головой, ни на что не обращая внимания).

d) of degree:

1. I'm (бесконечно) obliged to you. 2. Mr. Bunting was (глубоко) shocked. 3. The effect of the medicine was (довольно) strong. 4. He was asleep, lying on his back, with his head turned (немного) to one side and an arm flung out. 5. The last couple of days tired him (очень). 6. You are really (совсем) ill. 7. She was (несколько) surprised at seeing me. 8. Mr. Bunting had а (достаточно) modest opinion of his brain power, and even of his courage. 9. This is how Mr. Bunting knew his (действительно) bad days.

e) of cause (or reason):

1. Julie suddenly choked (от смеха). 2. Much exhausted, and suffering greatly now (из-за недостатка пищи), Jane turned aside into a lane and sat down under the hedge. 3. In the story Love of Life Jack London described a man who nearly died (от голода). 4. It all happened (не по моей вине). 5. We actually were falling off our feet (от изнеможения). 6. I fell silent, (не зная, что сказать). 7. (Больше нечего было добавить), we closed the discussion.

Exercise 3 p. 203. Complete the following using non-finite forms, syntactical complexes or clauses as adverbial modifiers:

a) of purpose:

1. "I stepped aside so as (not) ... .2. Move aside so that .... 3. The man raised his hand, for .... 4. The man covered the upper half of his face with the brim of his hat in order that .... 5. Take your umbrella and galoshes lest ... .6. People lifted their children onto their shoulders .... 7. He took off his hat so that (the people behind) ....

b) of result:

1. The day was too cold ... .2. The day was so cold .... 3. It is so thick a book .... 4. It was too thick a book ... .5. He knows the subject sufficiently well .... 6. We had fuel enough .... 7. He was not competent enough ... .8. The wind was such .... 9. He was so intent on his work .... 10. You have only to say a word .... 11. He is too much of a gentleman ....

Exercise 4 p. 204. Use the following phrases as adverbial modifiers:

a) of time:

on that memorable evening, in the evening, of an evening, in a moment, for a moment, long before, before long, since that day, from that day on, this time, some other time, at times, when ready, coming home, all done, while in town, not until I see it for myself, in answering the question, upon later recollection, on his return

b) of place:

by the fire, from under the table, in the air, at a distance, in the distance, over a distance, out into the street, throughout the world, down this way, where the roads crossed

c) of manner or attending circumstances:

without a word, in gratitude, at a go, looking neither left nor right, in confidence, under his breath, by a strange coincidence, as if to say something, through clenched teeth, with her eyes wide open, by this new tactics, with impatience, by practising regularly, as he used to do

d) of degree:

greatly (embarrassed, disappointed); somewhat (difficult, dangerous, different); completely (worn out, ruined, destroyed); perfectly (well, all right); (not) enough (convenient, fortunate, convincing); deeply (interested, involved); rather (pale, young, beautiful); (filled) to the brim; (packed) to capacity; (crowded) to overflowing; at the utmost; to perfection; to a considerable degree; to such an extent

e) of cause (or reason):

for want of sleep (anything better to read, rest); with anger (joy, fear, excitement); because of bad weather (fog. heavy rains); through sheer negligence; for laughing; not wanting to hurt him; it being time to part; since things haven't taken definite shape

f) of purpose:

for a swim, to catch an early train, that he might have a smoke, lest you should catch cold, for you to see the point clearly, so as not to miss a word, in order to make himself understood

g) of concession:

for all his cleverness, whatever the consequences, even if he does not know the language, cold as it was, in spite of all this, although much older, no matter how difficult, if somewhat formal

h) of condition:

but for (the frost, the lucky chance); if mistaken (necessary, possible); should you chance upon something of the kind; unless tried; supposing he does not give his consent; if need be; regarded as a fact in isolation; in the event of failure; had it not been for

SYNTACTICAL COMPLEXES

The Complex Subject

Exercise 1 p. 205. Paraphrase the following so as to use a complex subject.

1. 1. He was a very gloomy man. Nobody ever saw him smile or look happy. 2. We know Bernard Shaw to have been a very witty man. 3. The father did not allow anybody to touch anything on his desk. 4. People consider the climate there to be very healthful. 5. We heard a car pull up at the curb. 6. Nothing could make him understand the situation. 7. Who do they suspect to have done this? 8. Everybody heard him say that in so many words.

2. 1. It was announced that the Polish dancers were arriving next week. 2. It is expected that the performance will be a success. 3. It is said that this book is popular with both old and young. 4. It is believed that the poem was written by an unknown soldier. 5. It is supposed that the playwright is working at a new comedy. 6. It was understood that the parties had come to an agreement. 7.It is reported that the flood has not caused much damage to the crop. 8. It was supposed that the crop would be rich that year. 9. It has been found that this mineral water is very good for the liver.

3. 1. It seems they know all about it. 2. It seems they have heard all about it. 3. It seemed that the discussion was coming to an end. 4. It seems that you don't approve of the idea. 5. It seemed that the house had not been lived in for a long time. 6. It appeared that he was losing patience. 7. It appeared that he had not heard what had been said. 8. It happened that I was present at the opening session. 9. It so happened that I overheard their conversation. 10. It proved that my prediction was correct. 11. It turned out that the language of the article was quite easy. 12. It seemed there was nothing to add.

4. 1. It is likely that the article will appear in the next issue of the journal. 2. It is not very likely that he will change his opinion. 3. It was certain that they would come to an understanding. 4. It seemed unlikely that questions of the kind should crop up. 5. We are sure that everything will turn out all right. 6. He has surely noticed it. 7. I am certain this treatment will help you a lot. 8, It is likely there will be much snow this winter.

e) 1. We heard a typewriter clattering in the next room. 2. From the shore one could see dolphins playing in the distance. 3. They kept me waiting at the door for a full five minutes. 4. Through the open window we heard a piano being played. 5. We saw parts of a broken raft carried by the water. 6. They found the door locked and the house deserted. 7. You may call it good luck. 8. The rains made the road impassable. 9. Whom do you consider responsible for it? 10. They promoted him assistant chief of the department. 11. Now we may consider the problem settled. 12. We left the dinner untouched.

Exercise 2 p. 206. Translate into English.

a), b) 1. Как известно, он был прекрасным педагогом и лектором. 2. Говорят, что экспедиция собрала очень интересный материал о природных богатствах этого района. 3. Сообщалось, что в этот район была послана большая группа строителей. 4. Предполагается, что в этом районе будет создан новый город. 5. Полагают, что они уже доехали до места назначения. 6. Никак не ожидали, что холода наступят так рано. 7. Как сообщают, средняя температура мая в этом году была значительно ниже, чем в прошлом. 8. Известно, что черный цвет поглощает световые лучи наиболее интенсивно. 9. Вряд ли его можно заставить сделать что-нибудь, если он этого не захочет. 10. Говорят, что этот токарь работает сейчас над новым рационализаторским предложением. 11. Полагают, что это изобретение поможет сэкономить много металла. 12. При переводе текста на экзамене студентам разрешалось пользоваться словарем.

с) 1. Оказалось, что мы уже когда-то встречались. 2. Вы, кажется, устали. Не хотите ли отдохнуть? 3. Он, кажется, начинает сердиться. 4. Он, казалось, не понимал всей серьезности положения. 5. Условия работы оказались более трудными, чем предполагалось. 6. Вам, кажется, не нравится его предложение? 7. Вы, случайно, не знаете этого человека? 8. Ничто, казалось, не нарушало тишины. 9. Он, по-видимому, был чем-то обеспокоен. 10. Вы, как будто, меня не слушаете. 11. Нам не раз довелось бывать в этих местах. 12. Я как раз был в городе, когда открывали памятник этому писателю. 13. У нас оказалось много общих знакомых. 14. Мой спутник оказался большим знатоком архитектуры. 15. Книга с самого начала показалась мне интересной. 16. Книга, которую вы мне дали, оказалась скучной. 17. Найденная кость оказалась бивнем мамонта. 18. Новые автобусы оказались очень удобными.

d) 1. Я уверен, вам эта пьеса понравится. 2. Они, конечно, сделают все, что смогут. 3. Он знал, что его обязательно об этом спросят. 4. Двух дней, пожалуй, будет достаточно. 5. Завтра утром телеграмма будет непременно доставлена. 6. Вряд ли он об этом что-либо знает. 7. Он, наверняка, все перепутает. 8. Казалось мало вероятным, чтобы возникли какие-либо затруднения. 9. Это предложение, по всей вероятности, его заинтересует. 10. Надеюсь, вряд ли будут возражения против такой повестки дня.

e) 1. Слышно было, как где-то вдалеке гудит поезд. 2. Каждый день его можно было видеть за работой в саду. 3. Из парка доносились звуки оркестра. Сквозь ограду было видно, как молодежь танцует на площадке. 4. Было слышно, как она что-то напевала, сбегая вниз по лестнице. 5. Его никогда еще не видели таким возбужденным. 6. Многое еще осталось несделанным. 7. Долгое время эту вершину считали недоступной. 8. Было холодно, и огонь в костре поддерживался всю ночь. 9. Медведь был убит наповал. 10. В баке обнаружили течь. 11. Теперь можно считать наше исследование завершенным. 12. Кого избрали председателем комитета? 13. Мальчика назвали Александром в честь деда.

Exercise 5 p. 209. Translate into Russian.

1. The Gadfly seemed to have taken a dislike to Signora Grassini from the time of their first meeting. (V.) 2. You don't seem to have done any great thing to yourself by going away. (Hrd) 3. "Jim!" he said at last, in a voice that did not seem to belong to him. (V.) 4. I did not know what I was expected to say to that, so I said nothing. 5. She never was known to have done a good action in behalf of anybody. (Th) 6. What the novelist says of the present is important because he is assumed to be expressing what is most important in the spirit of the time. (Fx) 7. Howard. Can you name somebody who was actually at the library when this was supposed to have happened? (Q and d'U.) 8. "If only someone could state definitely what we're supposed to be fighting for, I would have something to go on," said Bing. (S.H.) 9. Money just doesn't happen to interest me. (W) 10. In the middle of the lecture Dr. Sommerville happened to pause and look out of the window. (Sxt) 11. They call the Dutch krautheads or anything else they happen to think of. (Sxt) 12. We most of us want a good many things that we are not likely to get. (V.) 13. He said he could show me places in the neighbourhood that he didn't think I'd be likely to discover for myself. (M) 14. Would Soames be sure to tell him about this if he didn't ask him? (Gls.) 15. A score of young heads were seen peering out of the narrow windows. (Th) 16. From the very first mention of Long John, I had taken a fear in my mind that he might prove to be the very one-legged sailor whom I had watched for so long at the inn. (Stv) 17. One morning farm labourers on their way to work had come upon a twisted heap lying in the open. It had turned out to be Sam. (Ab)