- •Преступность и ее причины
- •1) Связанный с применением наказания
- •It's Interesting to Know Joseph Ignace Guillotin
- •Discussion
- •In recent years public has demanded longer and hasher sentences for offenders.
- •Crime of Passion
- •Just for Fun
- •Inevitability of Error
- •Identify the Suspect!
- •The Miranda Warning
- •The Lure of Shop-lifting
- •The Lasting Principles
- •Police Discipline
- •Creative writing
- •Us Public Manifesto
- •Scotland Yard
- •Police Technology in the usa
- •It's Interesting to Know Alphonse Bertillion
- •Brainstorm
- •Early Juries
- •It's Interesting' to Know
- •Unit 2. Jury duty
- •The Fear of Jury Duty
- •How You Were Chosen
- •2) Показания
- •3) Улики
- •4) Свидетельство
- •I do solemnly, sincerely and truly declare and affirm that I will faithfully try the defendant and give a true verdict according to the evidence
- •5) Cause — судебный процесс, судебное дело, тяжба
- •6) Controversy — гражданский судебный цроцесс, правовой спор, судебный спор
- •7) Process — судебный процесс, процедура, порядок, производство дел, судопроизводство, процессуальные нормы
- •Courtroom Personnel
- •A View From Behind Bars
- •1) Ответчик
- •2) Обвиняемый
- •4) Подзащитный
- •It's Interesting to Know Curious Wills
- •What Happens During the Trial
- •Прения сторон
- •Verdict
- •It's Interesting to KnowCyber Justice
- •Imprisonment: retribution or rehabilitation?
- •Present-day Penal Institutions
- •The Tower of London
- •The Bastille
- •It's Interesting to Know John Howard, 1726—1790
- •Cesare Beccaria, 1738—1794
- •Elizabeth Fry, 1780—1845
- •Prison Inmates
- •1) Поручительство
- •2) Передача на поруки; брать на поруки; передавать на поруки
- •3) Поручитель; поручители
- •4) Залог при передаче на поруки
- •A Lifer Keen on Canaries
- •Prisoners' Rights
- •Criticism of Jail tv
- •Discussion
- •Creative writing
- •Debate Prisons: a Solution to Crime?
- •Unit 5. Rehabilitation brainstorm
- •Innovative Programmes
- •Prisoners Prior to Release
- •The Inmate's Letter
- •It's never too late to start again.
- •The Magna Carta (1215)
- •John Locke, 1632—1704
- •Voltaire, 1694—1778
- •Jeremy Bentham, 1748—1832
- •Caligula, a.D. 12—41
- •Colonia Agrippina, a.D. 16—59
- •Guy Fawkes, 1570—1606
- •Jack the Ripper
- •Roy Bean, d. 1903
- •D. 1910
- •Lizzie Borden, 1860—1927
- •'Ma' Barker, d. 1935
- •Bruno Hauptmann, d. 1936
- •Alphonse Capone, 1899—1947
- •'Lucky Luciano', 1897—1962
- •Frank Costello, 1891—1973
- •George Blake, b. 1922
- •Sherlock Holmes
- •Ellery Queen
- •Hercules Poirot
- •Inspector Jules Maigret
- •Perry Mason
- •1. Bank Robbers
- •2. Muggers
- •3. Thieves
- •4. Escape Artists
- •5. Shop-Lifters
- •6. Robbers
- •7. Burglars
- •8. 'Miscellaneous' Crooks
- •9. Outrageous Lawsuits
Just English. Английский для юристов
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Reproduce the contexts in which they were used. Make up your own sentences with these words.
TASK 5. Answer the following questions:
What concepts formed the basis of the earliest criminological theories?
How did the biological theories develop?
What was Montesquieu's approach to causes of crime?
What views on crime predominated in the 19th century?
How did criminological theories develop in the 20th century?
What is the relationship between the mental and emotional state of a person and his or her inclinations to crime?
What are the latest views on the causes of crime?
TASK 6. Render the following passage into English paying special attention to the words and expressions in bold type:
Преступность и ее причины
Преступность и ее причины могут быть изучены на индивидуальном, групповом и социальном уровнях. Им, следовательно, могут быть даны психологическое, социологическое и философское объяснения. Эти объяснения не противоречат друг другу, а дополняют одно другое, позволяя проанализировать причины преступности с различных сторон.
Рассматривая эту проблему на индивидуальном уровне, можно обозначить причины преступности как конфликт поведения человека с социальной средой.
Когда человек попадает в проблемную ситуацию, он часто не находит решения возникших сложностей и выбирает преступный путь.
Но возникает естественный вопрос: а почему личность формируется таким образом? И почему возникают проблемные ситуации, ставящие человека перед трудным выбором? Ответить на эти вопросы невозможно, если не обратиться к изучению современного общества. При этом очевидно, что в качестве причин преступности выступают и социально-экономические, и политические, и духовные факторы, тесно связанные друг с другом.
Обстоятельствами, ведущими к преступному поведению, считаются: антиобщественное поведение родителей; алкоголизм
и нервно-психические заболевания родителей; низкий уровень культуры в семье.
Негативными особенностями личности и поведения считаются: прежняя судимость; совершение иных противоправных поступков; негативное отношение к нравственным ценностям; злобность, грубость и мстительность; пьянство, употребление наркотиков, азартные игры.
Итак, после того, как мы узнали о криминологии достаточно многое, нетрудно заключить, что преступность может возникнуть на основе взаимодействия личности и социальной среды.
DEBATE
All criminals are perverse people!
Prepare your arguments for or against the statement above. Use the active vocabulary from the Unit. Divide into two groups — pro and con, and conduct a debate. Appoint the 'Chair' of the debate who will give the floor to the speakers of both teams.
UNIT 4. PUNISHMENT
BRAINSTORM
In your opinion, what does 'punishment' mean? What kinds of punishment do you know?
TASK 1. Read the text and write down Russian equivalents for the words in bold type:
Punishment describes the imposition by some authority of a deprivation — usually painful — on a person who has violated a law, a rule, or other norm. When the violation is of the criminal law of society there is a formal process of accusation and proof followed by imposition of a sentence by a designated official,
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Just English. Английский для юристов
Chapter II. Crime and Punishment
45
usually a judge. Informally, any organised group — most typically the family, may punish perceived wrongdoers.
Because punishment is both painful and guilt producing, its application calls for a justification. In Western culture, four basic justifications have been given: retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and incapacitation. Most penal historians note a gradual trend over the last centuries toward more lenient sentences in Western countries. Capital and corporal punishment, widespread in the early 19th century, are seldom invoked by contemporary society. Indeed, in the United States corporal punishment as such appears to be contrary to the 8th Amendment's restrictions on cruel and unusual punishment. Yet the rate of imprisonment in the United States appears to be growing. Furthermore, since the mid-1970s, popular and professional sentiment has taken a distinctly punitive turn and now tends to see retribution and incapacitation — rather than rehabilitation — as the goals of criminal punishment.
Criminal sentences ordinarily embrace four basic modes of punishment. In descending order of severity these are: incarceration, community supervision, fine, and restitution. The death penalty is now possible only for certain types of atrocious murders and treason.
Punishment is an ancient practice whose presence in modern cultures may appear to be out of place because it purposefully inflicts pain. In the minds of most people, however, it continues to find justification.
TASK 2. Explain the meaning of the following words and expressions:
justification
rehabilitation
restitution
retribution
sentence
authority, authorities
community supervision
deterrence
fine
incapacitation
incarceration
TASK 3. The word PUNITIVE has the following meanings in Russian: