- •Preface
- •DESIGN FEATURES
- •STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES
- •PROGRAMMING TASKS
- •WINDOW SYSTEMS, COMMUNICATIONS, AND DISPLAYS
- •DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS
- •CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
- •PostScript is Not Like C
- •COMPARISON OF LANGUAGE MECHANISMS
- •EXPRESSING AN ALGORITHM AS A PROGRAM
- •THE UNIX SHELL AND OPERATING SYSTEM
- •INPUT, OUTPUT, AND THROUGHPUT
- •CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
- •Foundations
- •POSTSCRIPT LANGUAGE SYNTAX
- •SIMPLE PROGRAM STRUCTURE
- •Make Definitions First
- •Indentation Style
- •SETTING UP TEMPLATES
- •DECLARING AND USING VARIABLES
- •Arithmetic with Numeric Variables
- •Using the // Notation for Constants
- •ALLOCATING MEMORY
- •GETTING MEMORY BACK
- •OPENING AND CLOSING FILES
- •COMPARISONS AND EQUALITY OF OBJECTS
- •CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
- •Some Typical Programs
- •A TYPICAL PAGE DESCRIPTION PROGRAM
- •FONT PROGRAMS
- •PROGRAMS THAT READ DATA
- •QUERY PROGRAMS
- •ENCAPSULATED POSTSCRIPT PROGRAMS
- •PERSISTENTLY RESIDENT PROGRAMS
- •CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
- •Understanding the Stack
- •A QUICK OVERVIEW OF DATA TYPES
- •NAME LOOKUP
- •HOW OPERATORS USE THE STACK
- •GROUPING AND VISUAL CHUNKING
- •THINKING BACKWARD AND SIDEWAYS
- •COMPOSITE OBJECTS
- •THE OTHER STACKS
- •The Dictionary Stack
- •The Execution Stack
- •The Graphics State Stack
- •CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
- •Trusting the Stack
- •SAFETY OF DATA ON THE STACK
- •WHERE ARE THE DATA GOING?
- •REARRANGING THE STACK
- •Using the dup and index Operators
- •Using the roll Operator
- •CONDITIONALS AND LOOPS
- •RECURSION AND LOCAL VARIABLES
- •CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
- •Building Conditional Statements
- •SIMPLE CONDITIONALS
- •SETTING UP THE CONDITION
- •CONDITIONALS ARE NOT MAGIC
- •NESTED CONDITIONALS AND ELSE CLAUSES
- •COMPOUND CONDITIONALS
- •CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
- •Using Looping Constructs
- •LOOP BASICS
- •USING THE LOOP INDEX
- •LOOPS ARE PROCEDURE BODIES
- •LOOPS OF INSTRUCTIONS
- •EXITING LOOPS PREMATURELY
- •CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
- •Procedures
- •WHAT EXACTLY IS A PROCEDURE?
- •PARAMETER PASSING
- •CONSTRUCTING GOOD PROCEDURES
- •What to Name Your Procedure
- •A Useful Naming Convention
- •SELF-MODIFYING PROCEDURES
- •CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
- •Using Dictionaries
- •DICTIONARIES FOR NAME SCOPING
- •LOCAL DICTIONARIES
- •GLOBAL DICTIONARIES OF PROCEDURES
- •MAINTAINING THE DICTIONARY STACK
- •INTO AND OUT OF DICTIONARIES
- •LOOKING INTO DICTIONARIES
- •Using the forall Operator
- •Using the where and known Operators
- •REDEFINING OPERATORS
- •Changing the Behavior of Operators
- •Debugging with Redefined Names
- •Proper Nesting of Redefinitions
- •CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
- •Creating and Manipulating Data
- •CONSTRUCTING AN ARRAY
- •CONSTRUCTING A STRING
- •MANIPULATING DATA WITH PUT AND GET
- •CONCATENATING ARRAYS AND STRINGS
- •INPUT AND OUTPUT OF STRING DATA
- •ARRAYS VERSUS DICTIONARIES
- •ADVANCED TECHNIQUES
- •CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
- •Storing and Using Data
- •Data and the Operand Stack
- •Data and Algorithms for Underlining
- •CLASSICAL DATA STRUCTURES
- •Linked Lists
- •Using Arrays to Form Lists
- •Using Dictionaries to Form Lists
- •Queues, Trees, and Other Data Structures
- •CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
- •Program Data and Instructions
- •TURNING DATA INTO INSTRUCTIONS
- •TURNING INSTRUCTIONS INTO DATA
- •DATA CONVERSIONS
- •CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
- •File Objects
- •Streams and Files
- •PostScript File Operators
- •OPENING AND CLOSING FILES
- •READING AND WRITING FILES
- •Reading from a File
- •Writing to a File
- •Copying and Renaming Files
- •WRITING FORMATTED DATA TO FILES
- •Writing Out Various Data Types
- •Spaces, Tabs, Returns, and Special Characters
- •FILE STATUS INFORMATION
- •RANDOM VERSUS SEQUENTIAL ACCESS
- •CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
- •Appendix
- •Answers to Exercises
Figure 5.5: Last Object In is the First Out
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COMPOSITE OBJECTS
The values associated with composite objects do not exist on the operand stack. There is an object on the stack that represents the composite object data, and it behaves, for the most part, as though the whole object were on the stack. The only time it is confusing is during copying and manipulation of the internal structure of a composite object, when you have to realize that you really have a pointer to the object, not a selfcontained object. For example, if you dup a string object and then change one of the letters in the copied object, the original string changes, too, since there really is only one string and you have only copied the pointer to it, not the string itself.
Figure 5.6: Duplicating a Composite Object
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Chapter 5: UNDERSTANDING THE STACK |
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